Title Details

Dr. Mousumi Debnath received her BSx and MSc from Calcutta University and PhD from the Unversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur. Her main research interest is in the field of abiotic stress on medicinal plants using plant biotechnology tools. Presently she isengaged in research on genomics and metabolomics of medicinal plants. She also holds a postgraduate degree in Business management (MBA) specialising in Human resource management. She presently serves as an Associate Professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Jaipur Engineering College and Research centre, Affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University,India.

Professor Prakash Singh Bisen, PhD,D.Sc is an eminent scientist in the field of Biotechnology with over 32 years of research and teaching experience. He has one US Patent and an Indian Patent on Tuberculosis to his credit. He is also an author of over 130 research publicationsPresently, Professor Bisen is the Chairman of Bisen Biotech and Biopharma (P) Ltd. – a private equity venture which focuses on diagnostic solutions for widespread diseases. Professor Bisen is also the Chairman of the Vikrant Group, which focuses on advancing technical education through technical institutes at Gwalior and Indore, India.

Dr. G.B.K.S. Prasad is a Professor of Biochemistry at Jiwaji University, India and possess over 25 yrs of experience as a teacher and researcher in the field of Medical Biotechnology. He teaches Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology to Postgraduate students at Jiwaji University and published over 50 research papers in peer reviewed scientific journals. He was at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene as a Commonwealth Staff Fellow. The focus of his research is Diagnostics and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.

PREFACE xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv

1 HUMAN AND MICROBIAL WORLD 1
1.1 Prologue 1
1.2 Innovations in Microbiology for Human Welfare 1
1.3 The Microbial World 24
1.4 Future Challenges: Metagenomics 57

2 GENE TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES 65
2.1 Prologue 65
2.2 Introduction to Gene Technology 65
2.3 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 75
2.4 DNA Sequencing 88
2.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction 99
2.6 Omics Technology and Microbes 103
2.7 Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology 124
2.8 Future Challenges: The Biochips 126

3 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS 151
3.1 Prologue 151
3.2 Microbial Biology 152
3.3 Infection and Immunity 160
3.4 Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Diseases 185
3.5 Viral Pathogens and Associated Diseases 209
3.6 Prions 227
3.7 Parasitic Infections 228
3.8 Fungal Pathogen 249
3.9 Microbial Diagnostics 253
3.10 Future Challenges: Promises of Pharmacogenomics 265

4 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBES 275
4.1 Prologue 275
4.2 Principles of Taxonomy 276
4.3 Using Phenotypic Characteristics to Identify Microbes 281
4.4 Using Genotypic Character to Identify Microbes 299
4.5 Characterizing Strain Differences 306
4.6 Classification of Microbes on the Basis of Phenotypic Characteristics 319
4.7 Classification of Microbes on the Basis of Genotypic Characters 324
4.8 Future Challenges: Aptamers for Detection of Pathogens 333

5 DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS 339
5.1 Prologue 339
5.2 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms 339
5.3 Thriving in Terrestrial Environment 345
5.4 Aquatic Environment 353
5.5 Animals as Habitat 364
5.6 Archaea in Extreme Environments 368
5.7 Biogeochemical Cycles 373
5.8 Environmental Influence and Control of Microbial Growth 377
5.9 Microorganisms and Organic Pollutants 385
5.10 Microorganisms and Metal Pollutants 396
5.11 Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens 405
5.12 Microorganisms as Friends of Man 453
5.13 Microbes as a Disastrous Enemy 468
5.14 Future Challenges: Microbes in the Space 472

6 MICROBES IN AGRICULTURE 481
6.1 Prologue 481
6.2 The Soil Plant Microorganisms 482
6.3 Root Microbial Interaction 500
6.4 Pathogenic Microbes in Agriculture 508
6.5 Microbes as a Tool of Genetic Engineering 535
6.6 Future Challenges: Functional Genomics Approach for Improvement of Crops 557

7 MICROBES AS A TOOL FOR INDUSTRY AND RESEARCH 567
7.1 Prologue 567
7.2 Historical Development 567
7.3 Clinical Diagnostics in a New Era 578
7.4 Industrial Microorganisms and Product Formation 615
7.5 Major Industrial Products for Health and Industry 622
7.6 Food Diagnostics, Food Preservation, and Foodborne Microbial Diseases 649
7.7 Future Challenges: Next Generation Diagnostics Industry 680
References 681

INDEX 685