Title Details

DONALD WATSON, FAIA, an architect and planner, is former chair of the Yale School of Architecture Environmental Design Program, and former professor and dean of the School of Architecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He received the 2002 ACSA Distinguished Professor Award and the 2005 AARC Haecker Leadership Award for Architectural Research. His publications include Climatic Building Design, winner in the Architecture and Urban Planning category of the American Publishers Award for Professional and Scholarly Excellence.

MICHELE ADAMS, P.E., a water resources engineer, is principal and founder of Meliora Environmental Design in Kimberton, Pennsylvania. Her work encompasses environ- mentally sensitive site design and sustainable water resources engineering.

Preface and Acknowledgments vii

Foreword by Carol Franklin, RLA, FASLA ix

Foreword by Daniel E. Williams, FAIA xi

Introduction xv

Part I: Nature of Water 1

Chapter 1: Weather 3

1.1 Sun and Earth 3

1.2 The Atmosphere 6

1.3 Weather 17

Chapter 2: Land and Water 31

2.1 Water and Carbon Cycles 31

2.2 Biodiversity and the Landscape 36

2.3 Follow the Water: The Opportunity for Watershed Planning 43

Chapter 3: Flooding 49

3.1 Flooding from Increased Precipitation 49

3.2 Flooding from Severe Storms 54

3.3 Economic and Social Costs of Water-Related Natural Disasters 61

Part II: Design With Water 67

Chapter 4: The Natural Landscape 71

4.1 Understanding the Natural Water Balance 71

4.2 When the Water Balance Is Altered 74

4.3 Soils and Vegetation 78

4.4 Subsurface Water Movement 83

4.5 Stream Systems, Wetlands, Riparian Zones, and Floodplains 84

Chapter 5: The Altered Landscape 91

5.1 When the Landscape Is Altered 91

5.2 Altered Stream Systems and Increased Flood Damage 95

5.3 Why Detention Does Not Solve Flooding 98

5.4 Summary: The Natural Landscape as a Model for Resilient Design 99

Chapter 6: Design for Inland Flooding 103

6.1 Resilient Design for Inland Flooding 103

6.2 Tools for Watershed Protection 125

6.3 Communities and Buildings in Floodplains 129

Part III: Flood-Resistant Design 131

Chapter 7: Flood Design Analysis 135

7.1 Definition of Terms 135

7.2 Flood Elevation: Base Flood and Design Flood 143

Chapter 8: The Coast 151

8.1 Coastal Processes 151

8.2 Shoreline Protection 160

8.3 Flood Barriers and Floodgates 164

8.4 Summary of Coastal Protection Measures 164

Chapter 9: Flood Design Practices for Buildings 169

9.1 Overview of Flood Design 169

9.2 Flood Design at the Building Scale 176

Part IV: Design For Resilience 197

Chapter 10: Flood-Resistant Design for Sites and Communities 199

10.1 Coastal Communities 199

10.2 Comprehensive Planning for Resilient Communities 207

10.3 Local Actions to Build Community Resilience 210

Chapter 11: Sea Level Rise 219

11.1 Sea Level Rise: The Issues 220

11.2 Sea Level Rise: Design Responses 223

Chapter 12: Design for Resilience 257

12.1 The Wave of the Future 257

12.2 Models for National and International Action 259

12.3 Design Resolution 268

Epilogue 271

Glossary 273

Index 295