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More About This Title Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume I
English
A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications—Volume 1
"When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." — Lord Kelvin
Measurement falls at the heart of any engineering discipline and job function. Whether engineers are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful, useful data.
The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering measurements—beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 1 spans several disciplines—Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, and Industrial Engineering—and covers:
- New Measurement Techniques in Structural Health Monitoring
- Traffic Congestion Management
- Measurements in Environmental Engineering
- Dimensions, Surfaces, and Their Measurement
- Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement
- Vibration Measurement
- Temperature Measurement
- Force Measurement
- Heat Transfer Measurements for Non-Boiling Two-Phase Flow
- Solar Energy Measurements
- Human Movement Measurements
- Physiological Flow Measurements
- GIS and Computer Mapping
- Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges
- Hydrology Measurements
- Mobile Source Emissions Testing
- Mass Properties Measurement
- Resistive Strain Measurement Devices
- Acoustics Measurements
- Pressure and Velocity Measurements
- Heat Flux Measurement
- Wind Energy Measurements
- Flow Measurement
- Statistical Quality Control
- Industrial Energy Efficiency
- Industrial Waste Auditing
Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for members of major engineering associations and academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.
English
MYER KUTZ holds engineering degrees from MIT and RPI. He was vice president and general manager of Wiley's STM Division and has consulted and/or authored for most of the major professional and technical publishing houses. He is the author of nine books and the editor of more than a dozen handbooks.
English
VOLUME 1
PREFACE xxiii
CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
PART I CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1
1 New and Emerging Technologies in Structural Health Monitoring 3
Merit Enckell, Jacob Egede Andersen, Branko Glisic, and Johan Silfwerbrand
1.1 Introduction, 5
1.2 Background, 6
1.3 New and Emerging Technologies, 8
1.4 Fiber-Optic Technology, 16
1.5 Acoustic Emission, 24
1.6 Radar Technology, 27
1.7 Global Positioning System, 31
1.8 Corrosion Monitoring Systems, 33
1.9 Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Systems, 35
1.10 Components of Structural Health Monitoring System, 37
1.11 Structural Health Monitoring System Design, 41
1.12 System Procurement and Installation, 44
1.13 Application of Structural Health Monitoring Systems, 47
1.14 Discussion, 67
1.15 Conclusion, 69
Acknowledgments, 70
References, 71
2 Applications of GIS in Engineering Measurements 79
Gary S. Spring
2.1 Introduction, 79
2.2 Background, 80
2.3 Basic Principles of GIS, 81
2.4 Measurement-Based GIS Applications, 96
2.5 Implementation Issues, 97
2.6 Conclusion, 100
References, 102
3 Traffic Congestion Management 105
Nagui M. Rouphail
3.1 Introduction and Background, 105
3.2 Scope of the Chapter, 106
3.3 Organization of the Chapter, 107
3.4 Fundamentals of Vehicle Emission Estimation, 107
3.5 Inventory of Traffic Congestion Management Methods, 112
3.6 Assessing Emission Impacts of Traffic Congestion Management, 119
3.7 Summary, 128
Acknowledgments, 129
References, 129
4 Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges 133
Eric V. Monzon, Ahmad M. Itani, and Gokhan Pekcan
4.1 Introduction, 133
4.2 Similitude Requirements, 134
4.3 Specimen Fabrication, 141
4.4 Input Motion, 148
4.5 Instrumentation, 150
4.6 Data Acquisition and Processing, 155
4.7 Results, 157
References, 158
5 Measurements in Environmental Engineering 159
Daniel A. Vallero
5.1 Introduction, 159
5.2 Environmental Sampling Approaches, 166
5.3 Laboratory Analysis, 169
5.4 Measurement Uncertainty, 183
5.5 Measurement Decision Making, 186
5.6 Environmental Indicators, 191
5.7 Extending Measurement Data Using Models, 199
5.8 Summary, 200
Nomenclature, 200
References, 202
6 Hydrology Measurements 205
Todd C. Rasmussen
6.1 Introduction, 206
6.2 Precipitation, 209
6.3 Evapotranspiration, 212
6.4 Surface Flow, 216
6.5 Groundwater, 219
6.6 Soil Water, 223
6.7 Water Quality, 226
Suggested Readings, 231
7 Mobile Source Emissions Testing 233
Mohan Venigalla
7.1 Testing for Regulatory Compliance, 234
References, 240
PART II MECHANICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 241
8 Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement 243
Mikell P. Groover
8.1 Dimensions, Tolerances, and Related Attributes, 244
8.2 Conventional Measuring Instruments and Gages, 245
8.3 Surfaces, 254
References, 256
9 Mass Properties Measurement 259
David Tellet
9.1 Introduction, 260
9.2 Mass and Weight, 262
9.3 Measurement Methodology, 264
9.4 Weight and Mass Measurement, 274
9.5 Center of Gravity Measurement, 275
9.6 MOI Measurement, 280
9.7 POI Measurement, 284
9.8 Measuring Large Vehicles, 287
9.9 Sources of Uncertainty, 292
References, 300
10 Force Measurement 301
Patrick Collins
10.1 Introduction, 302
10.2 Force Transducers, 303
10.3 Universal Testing Machines, 306
10.4 The Strain Gauge Sensor, 307
10.5 Resonant Element Transducers, 311
10.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, 314
10.7 Dynamometers, 317
10.8 Optical Force Transducers, 317
10.9 Magneto-Elastic Transducers, 320
10.10 Force Balance Transducers, 321
10.11 Force Transducer Characteristics, 321
10.12 Calibration, 323
10.13 Conclusion, 329
Glossary of Terms, 329
References, 340
11 Resistive Strain Measurement Devices 343
Mark Tuttle
11.1 Preliminary Discussion, 343
11.2 Resistance Metal Strain Gages, 349
11.3 Semiconductor Strain Gages, 363
11.4 Liquid Metal Strain Gages, 365
References, 366
12 Vibration Measurement 367
Sheryl M. Gracewski and Nigel D. Ramoutar
12.1 Introduction, 367
12.2 One-Degree-of-Freedom System Response, 369
12.3 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems and the Frequency Response Function, 373
12.4 Vibration Measurement Equipment and Techniques, 388
12.5 Experimental Modal Analysis, 405
12.6 Applications of Vibration Measurement, 423
Nomenclature, 428
References, 431
13 Acoustical Measurements 433
Brian E. Anderson, Jonathan D. Blotter, Kent L. Gee, and Scott D. Sommerfeldt
13.1 Introduction, 434
13.2 Fundamental Measures, 436
13.3 Microphones, 445
13.4 Sound Pressure Level Measurements, 451
13.5 Measurement of Sound Isolation, 454
13.6 Room Acoustics Measurements, 457
13.7 Community and Environmental Noise, 463
13.8 Sound Intensity Measurements, 465
13.9 Sound Power Measurements, 472
13.10 Sound Exposure Measurements, 476
References, 479
14 Temperature Measurement 483
Peter R. N. Childs
Summary, 484
14.1 Introduction, 484
14.2 Selection, 487
14.3 Invasive Temperature Measurement, 489
14.4 Semi-Invasive Methods, 511
14.5 Noninvasive Methods, 514
14.6 Conclusions, 519
Nomenclature, 519
References, 521
15 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 527
Richard S. Figliola and Donald E. Beasley
15.1 Pressure Concepts, 528
15.2 Pressure Reference Instruments, 530
15.3 Pressure Transducers, 536
15.4 Pressure Transducer Calibration, 543
15.5 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids, 544
15.6 Modeling Pressure and Fluid Systems, 548
15.7 Design and Installation: Transmission Effects, 548
15.8 Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems, 552
Nomenclature, 563
References, 564
16 Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement 567
Gamal E. Khalil, Jim W. Crafton, Sergey D. Fonov, Marvin Sellers, and Dana Dabiri
16.1 Introduction, 567
16.2 Principles of Pressure-Sensitive Paint, 569
16.3 Pressure-Sensitive Luminescent Dyes, 571
16.4 PSP Polymer and Binder, 572
16.5 Measurement Methods, 574
16.6 Pressure-Sensitive Paint Measurements, 588
Acknowledgments, 611
References, 612
17 Flow Measurement 615
Jesse Yoder
17.1 New-Technology and Traditional Technology Flowmeters, 616
17.2 Trends in Flow Measurement, 627
Further Readings, 628
18 Heat Flux Measurement 629
Thomas E. Diller
18.1 Introduction, 630
18.2 Important Issues, 631
18.3 Gages Based on Spatial Temperature Difference, 634
18.4 Gages Based on Temperature Change with Time, 643
18.5 Gages Based on Active Heating Methods, 648
18.6 Calibration and Errors, 653
References, 655
19 Heat Transfer Measurements for Nonboiling Two-Phase Flow 661
Afshin J. Ghajar and Clement C. Tang
19.1 Introduction, 661
19.2 Experimental Setup for Horizontal and Slightly Inclined Pipes, 662
19.3 Instruments for Measurement and Data Acquisition, 666
19.4 Heat Transfer Experiment Procedures, 667
19.5 Verifying the Functionality of the Experimental Setup, 670
19.6 Experimental Results of Two-Phase Flow, 673
19.7 Concluding Remarks, 682
Nomenclature, 683
References, 684
20 Solar Energy Measurements 687
Tariq Muneer and Yieng Wei Tham
20.1 Introduction, 688
20.2 Measurement Equipment, 694
20.3 Equipment Error and Uncertainty, 703
20.4 Operational Errors, 704
20.5 Diffuse Radiation Data Measurement Errors, 704
20.6 Types of Sensors and their Accuracy, 711
20.7 Modern Developments, 711
20.8 Data Quality Assessment, 714
20.9 Statistical Evaluation of Models, 716
20.10 Outlier Analysis, 722
Acknowledgments, 722
References, 723
21 Wind Energy Measurements 727
Peter Gregg
21.1 Introduction, 728
21.2 Concepts, 728
21.3 Measurements, 731
21.4 Evaluation, 739
References, 747
22 Human Movement Measurements 749
Rahman Davoodi
22.1 Introduction, 749
22.2 Characterization of Human Movement, 750
22.3 Optical Motion Capture Systems, 751
22.4 Magnetic Motion Capture Systems, 754
22.5 Inertial Motion Capture Systems, 756
22.6 Discussion, 761
Acknowledgment, 762
References, 762
23 Flow Measurement 765
Arnold A. Fontaine, Keefe B. Manning, and Steven Deutsch
23.1 Introduction, 765
23.2 Flow Measurement Applications, 768
References, 799
PART III INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 803
24 Statistical Quality Control 805
Magd E. Zohdi
24.1 Measurements and Quality Control, 805
24.2 Dimension and Tolerance, 805
24.3 Quality Control, 806
24.4 Interrelationship of Tolerances of Assembled Products, 812
24.5 Operation Characteristic (OC) Curve, 812
24.6 Control Charts for Attributes, 812
24.7 Acceptance Sampling, 815
24.8 Defense Department Acceptance Sampling by Variables, 817
Further Readings, 817
25 Evaluating and Selecting Technology-Based Projects 819
Hans J. Thamhain
25.1 Management Perspective, 819
25.2 Quantitative Approaches, 821
25.3 Qualitative Approaches, 826
25.4 Recommendations, 828
Variables and Abbreviations, 831
References, 831
26 Manufacturing Systems Evaluation 833
Walter W. Olson
26.1 Introduction, 833
26.2 Components of Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing, 834
26.3 Manufacturing Systems, 835
26.4 System Effects on ECM, 838
26.5 Assessment, 840
26.6 Summary, 844
References, 845
27 Measuring Performance of Chemical Process Equipment 847
Alan Cross
27.1 Introduction, 847
27.2 Direct Fired Heater Measurement and Process Control
Instrumentation, 848
27.3 Crushing and Grinding Equipment Measurements, 851
References, 858
28 Industrial Energy Efficiency 859
B. Gopalakrishnan, D. P. Gupta, Y. Mardikar, and S. Chaudhari
28.1 Introduction, 860
28.2 Literature Review, 863
28.3 Data Analysis of Energy Efficiency Measures, 864
28.4 Energy Efficiency Measures in Major Energy Consuming
Equipment, 872
28.5 Case Studies of Development of Energy-Efficiency Measures, 879
28.6 Conclusion, 881
Acknowledgments, 881
References, 881
29 Industrial Waste Auditing 885
C. Visvanathan
29.1 Overview, 885
29.2 Waste-Minimization Programs, 886
29.3 Waste-Minimization Cycle, 888
29.4 Waste Auditing, 890
29.5 Conclusion, 909
Further Readings, 910
30 Organizational Performance Measurement 911
Jennifer A. Farris, Eileen M. Van Aken, and Geert Letens
30.1 Introduction, 911
30.2 Summary, 940
References, 940
INDEX
