Rights Contact Login For More Details
More About This Title Chemistry and Physics of Mechanical Hardness
English
A comprehensive treatment of the chemistry and physics of mechanical hardness
Chemistry and Physics of Mechanical Hardness presents a general introduction to hardness measurement and the connections between hardness and fundamental materials properties.
Beginning with an introduction on the importance of hardness in the development of technology, the book systematically covers:
- Indentation
- Chemical bonding
- Plastic deformation
- Covalent semiconductors
- Simple metals and alloys
- Transition metals
- Intermetallic compounds
- Ionic crystals
- Metal-metalloids
- Oxides
- Molecular crystals
- Polymers
- Glasses
- Hot hardness
- Chemical hardness
- Super-hard materials
Chemistry and Physics of Mechanical Hardness is essential reading for materials scientists, mechanical engineers, metallurgists, ceramists, chemists, and physicists who are interested in learning how hardness is related to other properties and to the building blocks of everyday matter.
English
John J. Gilman, PhD, is Research Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at UCLA. He has been contributing to the scientific literature of mechanical hardness for almost fifty years. Dr. Gilman is the author of three other books and 325 technical papers, and the owner of six patents. He has been an editor for various books and magazines.
English
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why Hardness Matters (A Short History) 1
1.2 Purpose of This Book 5
1.3 The Nature of Hardness 7
2 Indentation 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 The Chin-Gilman Parameter 14
2.3 What Does Indentation Hardness Measure? 14
2.4 Indentation Size Effect 20
2.5 Indentation Size (From Macro to Nano) 22
2.6 Indentation vs. Scratch Hardness 23
2.7 Blunt or Soft Indenters 24
2.8 Anisotropy 24
2.9 Indenter and Specimen Surfaces 25
3 Chemical Bonding 27
3.1 Forms of Bonding 27
3.2 Atoms 28
3.3 State Symmetries 29
3.4 Molecular Bonding (Hydrogen) 31
3.5 Covalent Bonds 36
3.6 Bonding in Solids 41
3.7 Electrodynamic Bonding 45
3.8 Polarizability 47
4 Plastic Deformation 51
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Dislocation Movement 52
4.3 Importance of Symmetry 55
4.4 Local Inelastic Shearing of Atoms 56
4.5 Dislocation Multiplication 57
4.6 Individual Dislocation Velocities (Microscopic Distances) 59
4.7 Viscous Drag 60
4.8 Deformation-Softening and Elastic Relaxation 62
4.9 Macroscopic Plastic Deformation 63
5 Covalent Semiconductors 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Octahedral Shear Stiffness 69
5.3 Chemical Bonds and Dislocation Mobility 71
5.4 Behavior of Kinks 75
5.5 Effect of Polarity 77
5.6 Photoplasticity 79
5.7 Surface Environments 80
5.8 Effect of Temperature 80
5.9 Doping Effects 80
6 Simple Metals and Alloys 83
6.1 Intrinsic Behavior 83
6.2 Extrinsic Sources of Plastic Resistance 85
7 Transition Metals 99
7.1 Introduction 99
7.2 Rare Earth Metals 101
8 Intermetallic Compounds 103
8.1 Introduction 103
8.2 Crystal Structures 104
8.3 Calculated Hardness of NiAl 112
8.4 Superconducting Intermetallic Compounds 113
8.5 Transition Metal Compounds 115
9 Ionic Crystals 119
9.1 Alkali Halides 119
9.2 Glide in the NaCl Structure 120
9.3 Alkali Halide Alloys 123
9.4 Glide in CsCl Structure 124
9.5 Effect of Imputities 124
9.6 Alkaline Earth Fluorides 126
9.7 Alkaline Earth Sulfi des 128
9.8 Photomechanical Effects 128
9.9 Effects of Applied Electric Fields 129
9.10 Magneto-Plasticity 129
10 Metal-Metalloids (Hard Metals) 131
10.1 Introduction 131
10.2 Carbides 132
10.3 Tungsten Carbide 134
10.4 Borides 136
10.5 Titanium Diboride 137
10.6 Rare Metal Diborides 138
10.7 Hexaborides 138
10.8 Boron Carbide (Carbon Quasi-Hexaboride) 140
10.9 Nitrides 141
11 Oxides 143
11.1 Introduction 143
11.2 Silicates 143
11.3 Cubic Oxides 147
11.4 Hexagonal (Rhombohedral) Oxides 152
11.5 Comparison of Transition Metal Oxides with "Hard Metals" 155
12 Molecular Crystals 157
12.1 Introduction 157
12.2 Anthracene 158
12.3 Sucrose 159
12.4 Amino Acids 159
12.5 Protein Crystals 160
12.6 Energetic Crystals (Explosives) 161
12.7 Commentary 161
13 Polymers 163
13.1 Introduction 163
13.2 Thermosetting Resins (Phenolic and Epoxide) 164
13.3 Thermoplastic Polymers 165
13.4 Mechanisms of Inelastic Plasticity 166
13.5 "Natural" Polymers (Plants) 166
13.6 "Natural" Polymers (Animals) 168
14 Glasses 171
14.1 Introduction 171
14.2 Inorganic Glasses 172
14.3 Metallic Glasses 176
14.3.1 Hardness—Shear Modulus Relationship 177
14.3.2 Stable Compositions 180
15 Hot Hardness 183
15.1 Introduction 183
15.2 Nickel Aluminide versus Oxides 184
15.3 Other Hard Compounds 184
15.4 Metals 185
15.5 Intermetallic Compounds 187
16 Chemical Hardness 189
16.1 Introduction 189
16.2 Defi nition of Chemical Hardness 190
16.3 Physical (Mechanical) Hardness 192
16.4 Hardness and Electronic Stability 193
16.5 Chemical and Elastic Hardness (Stiffness) 194
16.6 Band Gap Density and Polarizability 194
16.7 Compression Induced Structure Changes 195
16.8 Summary 196
17 "Superhard" Materials 197
17.1 Introduction 197
17.2 Principles for High Hardness 197
17.3 Friction at High Loads 198
17.4 Superhard Materials 199
References 200
Index 203
