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More About This Title Structural Analysis:Using Classical and MatrixMethods, Fourth Edition
English
English
Professor McCormac belongs to the American Society of Civil Engineers and served as the principal civil engineering grader for the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying for many years.
English
DEDICATION vii
PREFACE xiii
PART ONE: STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES 1
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 3
1.1 Structural Analysis and Design 3
1.2 History of Structural Analysis 4
1.3 Basic Principles of Structural Analysis 7
1.4 Structural Components and Systems 8
1.5 Structural Forces 9
1.6 Structural Idealization (Line Diagrams) 11
1.7 Calculation Accuracy 13
1.8 Checks on Problems 13
1.9 Impact of Computers on Structural Analysis 14
CHAPTER 2 Structural Loads 16
2.1 Introduction 16
2.2 Structural Safety 17
2.3 Specifications and Building Codes 17
2.4 Types of Structural Loads 20
2.5 Dead Loads 20
2.6 Live Loads 21
2.7 Live Load Impact Factors 23
2.8 Live Loads on Roofs 23
2.9 Rain Loads 24
2.10 Wind Loads 26
2.11 Simplified ASCE Procedure for Estimating Wind Loads 29
2.12 Detailed ASCE Procedure for Estimating Wind Loads 31
2.13 Seismic Loads 32
2.14 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure for Estimating Seismic Loads 34
2.15 Snow Loads 37
2.16 Other Loads 40
2.17 Problems for Solution 41
CHAPTER 3 System Loading and Behavior 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Tributary Areas 44
3.3 Influence Areas 48
3.4 Live Load Reduction 48
3.5 Loading Conditions for Allowable Stress Design 50
3.6 Loading Conditions for Strength Design 52
3.7 Concept of the Force Envelope 55
3.8 Problems for Solution 56
CHAPTER 4 Reactions 57
4.1 Equilibrium 57
4.2 Moving Bodies 57
4.3 Calculation of Unknowns 58
4.4 Types of Support 59
4.5 Stability, Determinacy, and Indeterminacy 61
4.6 Unstable Equilibrium and Geometric Instability 64
4.7 Sign Convention 65
4.8 Free-Body Diagrams 66
4.9 Horizontal and Vertical Components 67
4.10 Reactions by Proportions 67
4.11 Reactions Calculated by Equations of Statics 68
4.12 Principle of Superposition 71
4.13 The Simple Cantilever 72
4.14 Cantilevered Structures 73
4.15 Reaction Calculations for Cantilevered Structures 75
4.16 Arches 77
4.17 Three-Hinged Arches 78
4.18 Uses of Arches and Cantilevered Structures 83
4.19 Cables 83
4.20 Problems for Solution 88
CHAPTER 5 Shearing Force and Bending Moment 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Shear Diagrams 97
5.3 Moment Diagrams 98
5.4 Relations Among Loads, Shearing Forces, and Bending Moments 98
5.5 Moment Diagrams Drawn from Shear Diagrams 99
5.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams for Statically Determinate Frames 106
5.7 Shearing Force and Bending Moment Equations 110
5.8 Problems for Solution 112
CHAPTER 6 Introduction to Plane Trusses 117
6.1 Introduction 117
6.2 Assumptions for Truss Analysis 118
6.3 Truss Notation 119
6.4 Roof Trusses 120
6.5 Bridge Trusses 121
6.6 Arrangement of Truss Members 122
6.7 Statical Determinacy of Trusses 123
6.8 Methods of Analysis and Conventions 127
6.9 Method of Joints 129
6.10 Computer Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses 134
6.11 Example Computer Problem 135
6.12 Problems for Solution 138
CHAPTER 7 Plane Trusses, Continued 143
7.1 Analysis by the Method of Sections 143
7.2 Application of the Method of Sections 144
7.3 Method of Shears 151
7.4 Zero-Force Members 153
7.5 When Assumptions Are Not Correct 155
7.6 Simple, Compound, and Complex Trusses 156
7.7 The Zero-Load Test 157
7.8 Stability 159
7.9 Equations of Condition 161
7.10 Problems for Solution 162
CHAPTER 8 Three-Dimensional or Space Trusses 168
8.1 Introduction 168
8.2 Basic Principles 168
8.3 Equations of Static Equilibrium 169
8.4 Stability of Space Trusses 171
8.5 Special Theorems Applying to Space Trusses 171
8.6 Types of Support 172
8.7 Illustrative Examples 173
8.8 Solution Using Simultaneous Equations 178
8.9 Example Problem with SABLE32 180
8.10 Problems for Solution 182
CHAPTER 9 Influence Lines for Beams 185
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 The Influence Line Defined 185
9.3 Influence Lines for Simple Beam Reactions 186
9.4 Influence Lines for Simple Beam Shearing Forces 187
9.5 Influence Lines for Simple Beam Moments 188
9.6 Qualitative Influence Lines 189
9.7 Uses of Influence Lines; Concentrated Loads 194
9.8 Uses of Influence Lines; Uniform Loads 195
9.9 Common Simple Beam Formulas from Influence Lines 196
9.10 Determining Maximum Loading Effects Using Influence Lines 197
9.11 Maximum Loading Effects Using Beam Curvature 198
9.12 Impact Loading 199
9.13 Problems for Solution 201
CHAPTER 10 Truss Influence Lines and Moving Loads 204
10.1 Influence Lines for Trusses 204
10.2 Arrangement of Bridge Floor Systems 204
10.3 Influence Lines for Truss Reactions 206
10.4 Influence Lines for Member Forces of Parallel-Chord Trusses 206
10.5 Influence Lines for Members Forces of Nonparallel Chord Trusses 208
10.6 Influence Lines for K Truss 210
10.7 Determination of Maximum Forces 211
10.8 Counters in Bridge Trusses 213
10.9 Live Loads for Highway Bridges 215
10.10 Live Loads for Railway Bridges 219
10.11 Maximum Values for Moving Loads 220
10.12 Problems for Solution 223
CHAPTER 11 Deflections and Angle Changes Using Geometric Methods 225
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Sketching Deformed Shapes of Structures 225
11.3 Reasons for Computing Deflections 230
11.4 The Moment-Area Theorems 232
11.5 Application of the Moment-Area Theorems 234
11.6 Analysis of Fixed-End Beams 241
11.7 Maxwell’s Law of Reciprocal Deflections 243
11.8 Problems for Solution 245
CHAPTER 12 Deflections and Angle Changes Using Geometric Methods Continued 248
12.1 The Method of Elastic Weights 248
12.2 Application of the Method of Elastic Weights 249
12.3 Limitations of the Elastic-Weight Method 254
12.4 Conjugate-Beam Method 255
12.5 Summary of Conjugate Beams 257
12.6 Equilibrium 257
12.7 Summary of Beam Relations 258
12.8 Application of the Conjugate Method to Beams 258
12.9 Long Term Deflections 260
12.10 Application of the Conjugate Method to Frames 261
12.11 Problems for Solution 261
CHAPTER 13 Deflection and Angle Changes Using Energy Methods 264
13.1 Introduction to Energy Methods 264
13.2 Conservation of Energy Principle 264
13.3 Virtual Work or Complementary Virtual Work Method 265
13.4 Truss Deflections by Virtual Work 267
13.5 Application of Virtual Work to Trusses 269
13.6 Deflections of Beams and Frames by Virtual Work 273
13.7 Example Problems for Beams and Frames 274
13.8 Rotations or Angle Changes by Virtual Work 281
13.9 Introduction to Castigliano’s Theorems 283
13.10 Castigliano’s Second Theorem 284
13.11 Problems for Solution 289
PART TWO: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Classical Methods
CHAPTER 14 Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structures 297
14.1 Introduction 297
14.2 Continuous Structures 298
14.3 Advantages of Statically Indeterminate Structures 300
14.4 Disadvantages of Statically Indeterminate Structures 302
14.5 Methods of Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Structures 302
14.6 Looking Ahead 304
CHAPTER 15 Force Methods of Analyzing Statically Indeterminate Structures 305
15.1 Beams and Frames with One Redundant 305
15.2 Beams and Frames with Two or More Redundants 314
15.3 Support Settlement 316
15.4 Problems for Solution 320
CHAPTER 16 Force Methods for Analyzing Statically Indeterminate StructuresContinued 322
16.1 Analysis of Externally Redundant Trusses 322
16.2 Analysis of Internally Redundant Trusses 326
16.3 Analysis of Trusses Redundant Internally and Externally 329
16.4 Temperature Changes, Shrinkage, Fabrication Errors, and So On 330
16.5 Castigliano’s First Theorem 332
16.6 Analysis Using Computers 341
16.7 Problems for Solution 342
CHAPTER 17 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Structures 347
17.1 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Beams 347
17.2 Qualitative Influence Lines 353
17.3 Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Trusses 356
17.4 Problems for Solution 360
CHAPTER 18 Slope Deflection: A Displacement Method of Analysis 363
18.1 Introduction 363
18.2 Derivation of Slope-Deflection Equations 363
18.3 Application of Slope Deflection to Continuous Beams 366
18.4 Continuous Beams with Simple Ends 369
18.5 Miscellaneous Items Concerning Continuous Beams 371
18.6 Analysis of Beams with Support Settlement 372
18.7 Analysis of Frames—No Sidesway 374
18.8 Analysis of Frames with Sidesway 376
18.9 Analysis of Frames with Sloping Legs 382
18.10 Problems for Solution 382
PART THREE: STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Common Methods in Current Practice
CHAPTER 19 Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures 389
19.1 Introduction 389
19.2 Trusses with Two Diagonals in Each Panel 390
19.3 Continuous Beams 391
19.4 Analysis of Building Frames for Vertical Loads 395
19.5 Analysis of Portal Frames 398
19.6 Analysis of Building Frames for Lateral Loads 400
19.7 Approximate Analyses of Frame Compared to ‘‘Exact’’ Analysis by SABLE32 407
19.8 Moment Distribution 408
19.9 Analysis of Vierendeel ‘‘Trusses’’ 408
19.10 Problems for Solution 410
CHAPTER 20 Moment Distribution for Beams 413
20.1 Introduction 413
20.2 Basic Relations 415
20.3 Definitions 417
20.4 Sign Convention 419
20.5 Application of Moment Distribution 419
20.6 Modification of Stiffness for Simple Ends 424
20.7 Shearing Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 425
20.8 Computer Solution with SABLE32 428
20.9 Problems for Solution 430
CHAPTER 21 Moment Distribution for Frames 433
21.1 Frames with Sidesway Prevented 433
21.2 Frames with Sidesway 435
21.3 Sidesway Moments 437
21.4 Frames with Sloping Legs 447
21.5 Multistory Frames 451
21.6 Computer Analysis of Frame 455
21.7 Problems for Solution 457
CHAPTER 22 Introduction to Matrix Methods 461
22.1 Structural Analysis Using the Computer 461
22.2 Matrix Methods 461
22.3 Review of Matrix Algebra 462
22.4 Force and Displacement Methods of Analysis 462
22.5 Introduction to the Force or Flexibility Method 463
22.6 Problems for Solution 468
CHAPTER 23 Fundamentals of the Displacement or Stiffness Method 470
23.1 Introduction 470
23.2 General Relationships 470
23.3 Stiffness Equations for Axial Force Members 472
23.4 Stiffness Equations for Flexural Members 478
23.5 Stiffness Matrix for Combined Axial and Flexural Members 487
23.6 Characteristics of Stiffness Matrices 489
23.7 Relation Between Stiffness and Flexibility Matrices 490
23.8 Problems for Solution 492
CHAPTER 24 Stiffness Matrices for Inclined Members 494
24.1 General 494
24.2 Axial Force Members 494
24.3 Flexural Members 500
24.4 Loading Between Nodes 510
24.5 Problems for Solution 515
CHAPTER 25 Additional Matrix Procedures 518
25.1 General 518
25.2 Addition of Stiffness Equations 518
25.3 Stiffness Matrices for Inclined Members 520
25.4 Stiffness Equations for Structures with Enforced Displacements 523
25.5 Stiffness Equations for Structures with Members Experiencing Temperature Changes 524
25.6 Stiffness Equations for Structures Whose Members Have Incorrect Lengths 526
25.7 Applications of Matrix Partitioning 526
25.8 Condensation 527
25.9 Band Width of Stiffness Matrices for General Structures 528
25.10 Problems for Solution 531
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A The Catenary Equation 533
APPENDIX B Matrix Algebra 538
B.1 Introduction 538
B.2 Matrix Definitions and Properties 538
B.3 Special Matrix Types 539
B.4 Determinant of a Square Matrix 540
B.5 Adjoint Matrix 541
B.6 Matrix Arithmetic 542
B.7 Gauss’s Method for Solving Simultaneous Equations 547
B.8 Special Topics 548
APPENDIX C Wind, Seismic, and Snow Load Tables and Figures 553
APPENDIX D Computer Analysis of Various Structures Using SAP2000 565
D.1 Introduction 565
D.2 Analysis of Plane Trusses 565
D.3 Analysis of Space Trusses 567
D.4 Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Plane Trusses 568
D.5 Analysis of Composite Structures 570
D.6 Analysis of Continuous Beams and Frames 571
Glossary 573
Index 579
