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More About This Title Bioactives in Fruit - Health Benefits andFunctional Foods
English
For centuries we have known that fruit is important for health, but we are only just beginning to fully understand why. Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods aims to summarise some of our current knowledge on the bioactive compounds that are associated with the health benefits of specific fruits with a strong emphasis on the validation of health benefits by human intervention trials. Reflecting the current interest in food and health, the book includes strategies to retain and enhance the bioactives in fruit through breeding, growing conditions, fruit storage, processing into ingredients and production of functional foods.
To accomplish this task authors with expertise in biology, chemistry, pharmacology, food science, nutrition, medicine, and horticulture have contributed. They come from universities, government and industry funded research institutes and biotechnology and food companies in Europe, the United States, Asia and New Zealand to give the book a broad perspective.
This book, describing fruit bioactives, their health benefits when consumed as a food and related topics regarding their development into fresh or processed functional foods, will be of use to postgraduate
students, researchers, functional food product developers, food regulators and anyone who has curiosity about why fruit is good for you. The information contained within will provide plant breeders with new targets for the development of value-added horticultural products, and will also provide nutritionists and dieticians with a useful resource for developing strategies to assist in preventing or slowing disease onset or severity. Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods is a major resource which will be required reading for anyone working in the fields of health and functional foods.
English
Denise Hunter is a Research Scientist in Food Innovation at Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand.
English
Contributors xv
Preface xxi
1 Introduction to the Major Classes of Bioactives Present in Fruit 1
Anusooya Gnanavinthan
Bioactives 1
Classification of plant-derived bioctives 1
Phenolic compounds 1
Dietary fibre (DF) 9
Proteins and peptides 11
Carotenoids 11
Functional lipids 11
Bioactives in fruits 12
Conclusion 14
References 14
2 Fibre in Fruit 19
Bronwen G. Smith
Introduction 19
Dietary fibre 19
Fruit 20
Plant tissues and types of cell walls 20
Cell wall polysaccharides 21
Effects of cooking or processing on cell wall composition 25
Health benefits 26
Future considerations for health functionality 27
References 28
3 Bioavailability of Antioxidant Compounds from Fruits 35
Iris F.F. Benzie and Sissi Wachtel-Galor
Introduction 35
Antioxidants in fruits 36
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 37
‘Vitamin E’ 37
Carotenoids 38
Flavonoids 40
‘Total’ antioxidant content of fruits 41
Factors that affect antioxidant response to ingestion of fruit: ‘apparent’ and ‘real’ bioavailability 42
Intrinsic antioxidant content of fruit 43
Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of antioxidants in fruit 45
Ascorbic acid 45
Vitamin E 46
Carotenoids 46
Flavonoids 47
‘Total antioxidants’ 49
Getting to the end: a note on colonic metabolites 51
Finally, increasing bioavailability of antioxidants: can it and should it be done? 51
A few thoughts on these questions 53
Conclusions 53
Acknowledgements 54
Declaration of interest 54
References 54
4 Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction of Functional Foods with Medicines 59
Shizuo Yamada, Yuko Taki, Shingen Misaka, Takashi Okura, Yoshiharu Deguchi, Keizo Umegaki, Hiroshi Watanabe, Yasuo Watanabe and Margot Skinner
Introduction 59
Fruits 60
Grapefruit juice 60
Interactions mediated by drug transporters 62
New Zealand fruit extracts 62
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) 63
Use of GBE and its constituents 63
Induction of CYPs 63
Mechanism of induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes 65
Pharmacodynamic interaction 66
Clinical study 66
Green Tea 68
Green tea catechins 68
Cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated interactions 69
Transporter-mediated interaction 71
Interactions through other mechanisms 72
Saw palmetto extract (SPE) 72
Conclusions 73
Acknowledgements 74
References 74
5 Health Properties of Apple and Pear 81
Richard Espley and Stefan Martens
Introduction 81
The origin of apples 81
Domestication of apples 82
Apple production 82
Major classes of apple bioactives 82
Dihydrochalcones – phloridzin 83
Flavonols – quercetin, kaempferol 84
Flavan-3-ols – catechins, epicatechins and its di-, oligo- and polymers 84
Anthocyanins – cyanidins 84
Carotenoids 85
Other phytochemicals/bioactives 85
Biosynthesis and genetic regulation of apple bioactives 86
Dihydrochalcones 86
Flavonoids 86
Anthocyanins 87
Carotenoids 88
Apple and human health 88
Bioavailability of apple bioactives 88
Antioxidant activity of apple and apple products 89
Cancer 90
Cardiovascular disease 91
Diabetes 91
Asthma 91
Cognitive processes 92
Gastrointestinal health 92
Storage and processing 93
Strategies to improve the bioactive content of apples 93
Conclusions 94
References 94
6 Orange and Grapefruit Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits andOther Attributes 101
Paul F. Cancalon
Introduction 101
Composition of citrus 102
Bioavailability and metabolization of citrus phytochemicals 102
Citrus and specific ailments 103
Citrus and cardiovascular health 104
Citrus and cognition 109
Citrus and cancer 109
Bone health 111
Attributes of citrus having raised disproportionate concerns 111
Grapefruit–drug interaction 111
Citrus body weight and sugar metabolism 113
Dental health 116
Conclusions 116
References 117
7 Health Benefits from Pomegranates and Stone Fruit, Including Plums, Peaches, Apricots and Cherries 125
Francisco A. Tom´as-Barber´an, David Ruiz, Daniel Valero, Diego Rivera, Conchita Ob´on, Catalina S´anchez-Roca and Mar´ýa I. Gil
Introduction 125
The origin, diversity and traditional uses of the pomegranate (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) 125
The origin, diversity and traditional uses of the stone fruits (PRUNUS L.) 126
Phytochemical composition 128
Pomegranate 128
Apricot 131
Peach and nectarine 133
Plums 134
Cherry 136
Effect of processing and storage on pomegranate and stone fruit bioactives 138
Pomegranates 138
Apricots 140
Peach and nectarines 142
Plums 144
Cherry 146
Health effects of pomegranates 149
Cardiovascular diseases 149
Cancer 150
Anti-inflammatory 151
Health effects of stone fruit 151
Apricots 151
Peach and nectarines 153
Plums 154
Cherries 157
Conclusion 158
References 159
8 The Potential Health Benefits of the Subtropical Fruits Kiwifruit, Feijoa and Tamarillo 169
Stephen J.M. Skinner, Denise Hunter, Suengmok Cho and Margot Skinner
Introduction 169
Kiwifruit 169
Benefits from vitamin C 170
Protection from oxidative stress, mutagenicity and cancer 171
Gut health and digestion 173
Immune health and protection from infection 175
Cardiovascular disease 178
Sleep disorders and the sleep-inducing effects of kiwifruit 179
Other health benefits from kiwifruit 181
Kiwifruit allergies and other detrimental health effects 182
Feijoa 182
Potential protection from infection 183
Potential antioxidant activity 184
Potential anti-inflammatory activity 185
Potential anticancer effect 185
Tamarillo 186
Tentative health benefits of tamarillo 187
Conclusion 187
References 188
9 Effect of Health-promoting Properties of Grapes, Including Resveratrol 197
Susan S. Percival and Robin L. West
Introduction 197
Bioavailability and metabolic fate of compounds 198
Heart health benefits and potential mechanisms of action 200
Platelet aggregation 201
Blood pressure 202
Blood lipids and inflammatory factors 202
In stressed individuals 204
Endothelial cell function 204
Immunity 205
Cancer 206
Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes 207
Cognition 208
Conclusion 211
Acknowledgements 211
References 211
10 Potential Health Benefits of Blackcurrants 215
Rosalind Miller, Sophie Putnam, Michael Edwards, Gary Woodward and Colin Kay
Introduction 215
Occurrence of anthocyanins in the diet 216
Anthocyanin classification and structural properties 218
Anthocyanin stability 219
Anthocyanin metabolism and bioavailability 222
Bioactivity of anthocyanins and metabolites 224
Metabolic syndrome 224
Cardiovascular disease 228
Immunoregulatory 232
Antimicrobial 232
Antineurodegenerative 233
Anticarcinogenic 235
Future direction of research 237
List of abbreviations 237
References 238
11 Overview of the Health Properties of Blueberries 251
Carrie M. Elks, Joseph Francis, April J. Stull, William T. Cefalu, Barbara Shukitt-Hale and Donald K. Ingram
Introduction 251
Bioactive components of blueberries 251
Obesity and insulin resistance 253
Obesity 253
Pre-diabetes 253
Type 2 diabetes mellitus 254
Cardiovascular diseases 256
Endothelial dysfunction 256
Lipids 257
Blood pressure 257
Cardiac function 259
Cancer 259
Longevity 261
Neuroprotection and aging 262
Cognitive function 262
Cellular signalling in the brain 263
Cerebral ischemia 264
Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease 265
Gastrointestinal diseases 266
Vision 266
Conclusion 267
References 268
12 Cranberry Polyphenols in the Promotion of Urinary Tract, Cardiovascular and Emerging Health Areas 273
Kerrie L. Kaspar and Christina Khoo
Introduction 273
Bioactives in cranberry 274
Flavonols 275
Proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins 276
Dietary intake of flavonoids 277
Health benefits of cranberry 277
Urinary tract health 277
Cardiovascular health 283
Oral and gastrointestinal health 284
Conclusion 286
References 286
Further Reading/Resources 292
13 Vegetable Fruits: A Cornucopia of Health Benefits 293
Carolyn E. Lister
Introduction 293
Tomatoes 300
Phytochemical composition of tomatoes 300
Health benefits of tomatoes 303
Proposed mechanisms of action of lycopene and other tomato phytochemicals 309
Capsicum 310
Phytochemical composition of Capsicum 311
Potential health benefits of Capsicum 313
Proposed mechanisms of action of capsaicin and other Capsicum phytochemicals 316
Other solanaceous vegetable fruits 317
Eggplant 317
Tomatillo 318
Cucurbitaceae 319
Phytochemical composition of the cucurbitaceae 319
Proposed mechanisms of action of cucurbitaceae phytochemicals 323
Other vegetable fruits 324
Ackee 324
Breadfuit 324
Okra 325
Conclusions 325
References 326
Further Reading/Resources 334
14 Potential Health Benefits of Avocados 337
Donald K. Ingram, Carrie M. Elks, Gary M. Davenport and George S. Roth
Introduction 337
Antioxidant properties 339
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease 339
Preclinical studies 340
Clinical studies 340
Osteoarthritis/Bone health 341
Preclinical studies 342
Clinical studies 342
Inflammation 343
Cancer 344
Neuroprotection 345
Wound healing 345
Aging 345
Toxicity 347
Conclusions 348
References 348
15 Cardiovascular Benefits of Olive Oil: Beyond Effects of Fat Content 353
Elena M. Yubero-Serrano, Antonio Camargo Garcia, Jose Lopez-Miranda and Francisco Perez-Jimenez
Introduction 353
Factors affecting phenol compound content in VOO 355
The health effect of VOO 357
Cardiovascular benefits of MUFA 357
Cardioprotective effects of olive oil phenolic compounds 358
Conclusion and future perspectives 361
Acknowledgements 362
References 362
16 Cocoa, Blood Flow and the Brain 367
Crystal F. Haskell and Anthony W. Watson
Introduction 367
Cultivation and extraction 367
Active components 368
Pharmacokinetics and absorption 369
Mechanism of action 371
In vitro 371
In vivo 371
Human intervention trials 372
Peripheral blood flow 372
Brain activity 374
Epidemiological evidence 380
Conclusions 381
References 384
17 Breeding for Enhanced Bioactives in Berry Fruit 389
Alastair Currie, Jessica Scalzo and Bruno Mezzetti
Introduction 389
Breeding berry fruit for improved bioactives 392
Case study: blackcurrant 394
Case study: blueberry 397
Use of genetic engineering for improving bioactive compounds 400
Case study: Transgenic strawberry 402
Conclusions 403
References 403
18 The Influence of Pre- and Postharvest Environmental Stress on Fruit Bioactives 409
David J. Burritt
Introduction 409
The main groups of fruit bioactives sensitive to environmental stressors and their associations with human health 410
Vitamins C and E 410
Plant phenolics 411
Terpenes 412
Phytosterols 412
The main environmental stressors that can influence the levels of bioactives in fruits 413
Stress and secondary metabolite production 413
Quantity versus quality 413
Drought and salinity 414
Changes in temperature 414
Ultraviolet radiation 414
Ionizing radiation 415
Electric currents 415
Chemical priming 415
The influence of environmental stressors and other treatments on the levels of bioactives in some commercially important fruits 416
Blueberries and raspberries 416
Citrus fruits 417
Grapes 418
Strawberries 419
Tomatoes 420
Other fruits 421
Xenohormesis: an ancient response with modern applications 421
References 422
19 Recovery of Valuable Bioactives from Residues Arising from Fruit Processing 429
Zaid Saleh, Reinhold Carle and Dietmar Rolf Kammerer
Introduction 429
Membrane separation and filtration 432
Membrane technology 432
Membrane module design and configurations 432
Ultrafiltration of polyphenols 433
Membrane fouling 434
Fouling characterization 435
Effect of operating conditions on fouling 436
Determination of resistances using the resistance-in-series model 440
Analyses of membrane fouling using the permeate flux variation over time model 440
Analyses of fouling mechanism and prediction of flux decline 441
Conclusions 443
Adsorption and ion exchange processes 444
Characterization of sorption processes by evaluating sorption kinetics 445
Characterization of sorption processes at equilibrium: sorption isotherms 446
Characterization of polyphenol adsorption in single compound model systems 447
Interaction of phenolic compounds upon adsorption from multicomponent model solutions 451
Impact of saccharides and amino acids on the interaction of phenolic compounds with adsorber and ion exchange resins 452
Concentration and fractionation of phenolic compounds using anion exchange resins 453
Transfer of results from model experiments to the recovery of phenolic compounds from apple and grape pomace 455
Recovery of preparations rich in phenolic compounds from apple extracts 455
Recovery and fractionation of apple polyphenols by adsorption technology on pilot-plant scale 457
Combined recovery of phenolic compounds and pectin from apple pomace 458
Application of adsorber and ion exchange resins for the valorization of plant food processing byproducts: recovery of proteins and phenolic compounds from sunflower expeller 459
Summary 461
Nomenclature 461
References 462
20 Stability and Bioaccessibility of Fruit Bioactives in Foods: Food Component Interactions and Matrix Effect 467
Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse Introduction 467
Key components present in fruit-based functional foods 468
Phytochemicals 468
Carbohydrates 470
Proteins 472
Enzymes 473
Lipids 474
Water 475
Interactions between fruit bioactives and other food components in various food systems 477
Interactions between polyphenols and lipids 480
Interactions among polyphenols, proteins and starch polysaccharides 482
Interactions between polysaccharide polymers in the absence and presence of fruit polyphenol extracts or fruit juices 486
Effects of beverage matrix containing dietary fibres on fruit bioactives 495
Conclusion and future outlook 498
References 499
Index 509
English
“Bioactives in Fruit: Health Benefits and Functional Foods is a major resource which will be required reading for anyone working in the fields of health and functional foods.” (Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society, Environment, 1 October 2013)
