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More About This Title Research Design and Analysis: A Primer for the Non-Statistician
English
This book helps readers understand research design and analysis. The intended audience includes those in the sciences who wish to conduct their own research without investing several semesters completing coursework in statistics and related fields, as well as those in the sciences and media who wish to read published research in an informed manner. In the former case, this book will provide a general basis for designing and conducting research, though with the assistance of a statistical consultant. The chapters of this book are laid out into three major sections. In the first section, the author briefly reviews the purpose of research as well as ethics and rules guiding research involving human participants and animal subjects. In the second section, the author walks the reader through basic research designs and validity. In the third section, the author provides a cursory review of statistics, including interpretation and specific techniques. This includes a description of when each statistical technique is appropriate and informative. The section on statistical techniques is intended to help the new researcher to be able to communicate in an informed manner with a statistical consultant or to be able to comprehend the jargon they may find in many research documents. Finally, the author reviews the how-to’s of reporting and presenting research findings.
English
List of Tables and Figures 5
Introduction 11
Section 1 15
Chapter 1: The Purpose and Ethics of Research 15
The Purpose and Risks of Research 15
History of Harm to Humans 17
Ethical Issues in the Social Sciences 26
History of Harm to Animal Subjects in Research 29
Ethics, Principles, and Guidelines 33
Statutes and Regulations Protecting Humans and Animals in Research 38
More about Informed Consent 44
The Importance of Freedom to Withdraw 54
Separation of Provider-Researcher Role 55
Undue Influence 58
Anonymity 59
Section 2 63
Chapter 2: Research Validity 63
Internal Validity 65
External Validity 90
Chapter 3: Research Designs 101
The Lingo 101
Between-Subjects Designs 104
Within-Subjects Designs/Repeated Measures 111
Between-Within Subjects Designs (Mixed Factorial/Split-Plot Designs) 114
Latin Square Designs 120
Double Latin Square Designs 125
Graeco-Latin and Hyper Graeco-Latin Square Designs 126
Nesting 126
Matching 128
Blocking 129
Non-Experimental Research 130
Case Studies 131
Section 3 136
Chapter 4: Interpretation 136
Probability and Significance 136
The Null Hypothesis, Type I (α), and Type II (β) Errors 138
Power 140
Managing Error Variance to Improve Power 144
Power Analyses 145
Effect Size 146
Confidence Intervals and Precision 150
Chapter 5: Parametric Statistical Techniques 154
Population Parameters versus Sample Statistics 155
Data 156
Central Tendency 158
Distributions 167
Dependent Variables 178
To Scale or Not to Scale 183
t Tests 186
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting t Tests 194
The NOVA's and Mixed Linear Model Analysis 195
ANOVA 196
ANOVA with a Multifactorial Design 200
Main Effects and Interactions 202
ANCOVA 210
MANOVA/MANCOVA 215
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting ANOVA/ANCOVA/MANOVA 220
Repeated Measures: ANOVA-RM and Mixed Linear Model Analysis 221
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Repeated Measures Analyses 230
Correlation and Regression 232
Regression and Multiple Regression 239
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Correlation and Regression 244
Logistic Regression 246
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Logistic Regression 250
Discriminant Function Analysis 250
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Discriminant Function Analysis 253
Multiple Comparisons 253
Chapter 6: Nonparametric Statistical Techniques 259
Chi-Square 260
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Chi-Square 264
Median Test 265
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Median Tests 268
Phi coefficient 269
Statistical Software Packages for Calculating the Phi coefficient 271
Mann Whitney U Test (Wilcoxon Sank Sum Test) 272
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting a Mann Whitney U Test 275
Sign Test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 276
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Sign Tests 279
Kruskal-Wallis Test: 280
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting a Kruskal-Wallis Test 284
Rank-Order Correlation 284
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Rank Order Correlations 288
Chapter 7: Meta-Analytic Studies 290
The File Drawer Effect 292
Analyzing the Meta-analytic Data 294
How to Read and Interpret a Paper Reporting a Meta-analysis 297
Statistical Software Packages for Conducting Meta-analyses 300
Section 4 302
Chapter 8: Disseminating Your Research Findings 302
Preparing a Research Report 302
Presenting Your Findings at a Conference 321
Chapter 9: Concluding Remarks 324
Why Is It Important to Understand Research Design and Analysis as a Consumer? 324
Research Ethics and Responsibilities of Journalists 336
Responsibilities of Researchers 339
Conclusion 340
Appendix A: Data Sets and DataBases 342
Contents of a Data Set 342
Missing Data and Data Entry Errors 349
Database Programs 351
Database and Data Set Summary 362
Appendix B: Statistical Analysis Packages 365
SAS®, SPSS®, R, and Stata® 365
Sample Statistical Analyses Using SAS(r) 370
Appendix C: Helpful statistics Resources 398
Statistics Textbooks 398
Statistics Websites 401
Glossary 403
References 426
Index 447
