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More About This Title The Person: An Introduction to the Science ofPersonality Psychology, 5e
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English
English
Preface xix
Part I The Background: Persons, Human Nature, and Culture 1
Chapter 1 Studying the Person 2
What Do We Know When We Know a Person? 3
SKETCHING AN OUTLINE: DISPOSITIONAL TRAITS 4
FILLING IN THE DETAILS: CHARACTERISTIC ADAPTATIONS 6
CONSTRUCTING A STORY: INTEGRATIVE LIFE NARRATIVES 9
Science and the Person 11
STEP 1: UNSYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION 12
STEP 2: BUILDING THEORIES 13
STEP 3: EVALUATING PROPOSITIONS 15
Setting Up an Empirical Study 16
The Correlational Design 18
The Experimental Design 20
Personality Psychology 21
THE PAST AND THE PRESENT 22
Feature 1.A: Gordon Allport and the Origins of Personality Psychology 25
ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK 27
Summary 28
Chapter 2 Evolution and Human Nature 31
On Human Nature: Our Evolutionary Heritage 32
PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION 32
THE ENVIRONMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTEDNESS 35
Feature 2.A: The Evolution of Religion 37
THE ADAPTED MIND 39
MATING 42
GETTING ALONG AND GETTING AHEAD 47
Feature 2.B: Some Women (and Men) Are Choosier Than Others: Sociosexuality 48
Hurting, Helping, and Loving: Three Faces of Human Nature 50
AGGRESSION 51
ALTRUISM 54
ATTACHMENT 57
Summary 65
Chapter 3 Social Learning and Culture 67
Behaviorism and Social-Learning Theory 68
AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTALISM: THE BEHAVIORIST TRADITION 68
EXPECTANCIES AND VALUES 74
BANDURA’S SOCIAL-LEARNING THEORY 76
Observational Learning 76
Self-Efficacy 78
The Social Ecology of Human Behavior 80
Feature 3.A: How Should Parents Raise Their Children? 81
MICROCONTEXTS: THE SOCIAL SITUATION 83
MACROCONTEXTS: SOCIAL STRUCTURE 85
GENDER AS A MACROCONTEXT 87
CULTURE 90
Individualism and Collectivism 92
Modernity 96
Feature 3.B: Race and Personality in the United States 97
HISTORY 99
Summary 102
Part II Sketching the Outline: Dispositional Traits and the Prediction of Behavior 105
Chapter 4 Personality Traits: Fundamental Concepts and Issues 106
The Idea of Trait 108
WHAT IS A TRAIT? 108
A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRAITS 111
Gordon Allport 113
Raymond B. Cattell 115
Hans Eysenck 116
THE BIG FIVE AND RELATED MODELS 119
Feature 4.A: What is Your Type? The Scientific Status of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 124
Measuring Traits 125
CONSTRUCTING A TRAIT MEASURE 125
CRITERIA OF A GOOD MEASURE 128
TRAIT INVENTORIES 130
Feature 4.B: Narcissism: The Trait of Excessive Self-Love 131
PERSONALITY TRAITS AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS 136
The Controversy Over Traits 142
MISCHEL’S CRITIQUE 143
AGGREGATING BEHAVIORS 145
INTERACTIONISM 148
Persons versus Situations versus Interactions 148
Reciprocal Interactionism 149
Traits as Conditional Statements 150
CONCLUSION 152
Summary 153
Chapter 5 Five Basic Traits—In the Brain and in Behavior 155
E: Extraversion 157
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE 157
FEELING GOOD 159
N: Neuroticism 163
Feature 5.A: Extreme Sports and the Sensation-Seeking Trait 164
THE MANY WAYS TO FEEL BAD 166
STRESS AND COPING 169
Feature 5.B: Are We Living in the Age of Anxiety? 170
Extraversion and Neuroticism in the Brain 172
EYSENCK AND THE THEORY OF AROUSAL 172
THE BEHAVIORAL APPROACH SYSTEM 175
THE BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM 177
LEFT AND RIGHT 181
O: Openness to Experience 183
CORRELATES OF O 185
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY 190
C and A: Conscientiousness and Agreeableness 192
WORK 193
LOVE 195
LIFE 197
Feature 5.C: Eysenck’s Psychoticism: Low A, Low C, and Some Other Bad Things 198
Summary 201
Chapter 6 Continuity and Change in Traits: The Roles of Genes, Environments, and Time 205
The Continuity of Traits 207
TWO KINDS OF CONTINUITY 207
DIFFERENTIAL CONTINUITY IN THE ADULT YEARS 210
CHILDHOOD PRECURSORS: FROM TEMPERAMENT TO TRAITS 213
The Origins of Traits: Genes and Environments 218
THE LOGIC OF TWIN AND ADOPTION STUDIES 219
HERITABILITY ESTIMATES OF TRAITS 222
SHARED ENVIRONMENT 225
NONSHARED ENVIRONMENT 227
Feature 6.A: Birth Order: A Nonshared Environmental Effect 228
HOW GENES SHAPE ENVIRONMENTS 229
GENE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS: NEW FINDINGS
FROM NEUROSCIENCE 232
Change and Complexity 236
DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF CHANGE 236
TRAIT CHANGE IN THE ADULT YEARS 238
PATTERNS OF TRAITS OVER TIME 244
WHAT ELSE MIGHT CHANGE? 246
Feature 6.B: Happiness Over the Human Lifespan 247
Summary 249
Part III Filling in the Details: Characteristic Adaptations to Life Tasks 253
Chapter 7 Motives and Goals: What Do We Want in Life? 254
The Psychoanalytic View 255
THE UNCONSCIOUS 256
Feature 7.A: Sigmund Freud and the Birth of Psychoanalysis 258
REPRESSION AND REPRESSORS 261
THE EGO’S DEFENSES 265
The Humanistic View 271
CARL ROGERS’S THEORY 271
ABRAHAM MASLOW’S PSYCHOLOGY OF BEING 273
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY 275
The Diversity View 279
HENRY MURRAY’S THEORY OF NEEDS 279
THE TAT AND THE PSE 281
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION 282
POWER MOTIVATION 286
INTIMACY MOTIVATION 290
IMPLICIT AND SELF-ATTRIBUTED MOTIVES 292
PERSONALIZED GOALS 295
Summary 298
Chapter 8 Self and Other: Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality 301
The Psychology of Personal Constructs 302
GEORGE KELLY’S THEORY 303
EXPLORING PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS: THE REP TEST 305
Cognitive Styles and Personality 308
FIELD INDEPENDENCE–DEPENDENCE 309
INTEGRATIVE COMPLEXITY 312
Social-Cognitive Theory and the Person 315
Feature 8.A: Religious Values and Personality 316
SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE 317
SELF-SCHEMAS 321
POSSIBLE SELVES: WHAT I MIGHT BE; WHAT I MIGHT HAVE BEEN 323
DISCREPANCIES AMONG SELVES 326
SCHEMAS, ATTRIBUTIONS, AND EXPLANATORY STYLE: THE CASE OF DEPRESSION 328
Feature 8.B: The Positive Psychology of Virtue: Gratitude as an Example 332
MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS OF OTHERS: ATTACHMENT IN ADULTHOOD 334
Summary 342
Chapter 9 Developmental Stages and Tasks 345
Martin Luther’s Identity Crisis 346
Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 350
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN CHILDHOOD 350
Feature 9.A: Early Object Relations 353
THE PROBLEM OF IDENTITY 355
Adolescence and Young Adulthood 355
Identity Statuses 357
Identity and Intimacy 360
GENERATIVITY AND ADULT DEVELOPMENT 363
A Model of Generativity 363
Individual Differences in Generativity 368
Integrity 370
Jane Loevinger’s Theory of Ego Development 371
STAGES OF THE EGO 372
The Infant 374
The Child 375
The Adolescent 376
The Adult 377
MEASURING EGO DEVELOPMENT 378
CONCLUSION 381
Summary 382
Part IV Making a Life: The Stories We Live By 385
Chapter 10 Life Scripts, Life Stories 386
The Meaning of Stories 390
THE NARRATING MIND 390
HEALING AND INTEGRATION 392
Feeling and Story: Tomkins’s Script Theory 396
AFFECTS 397
SCENES AND SCRIPTS 400
Basic Concepts 400
Types of Scripts 402
Narrative Identity 403
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE STORY 404
Feature 10.A: Time and Story in Bali 405
CULTURE AND NARRATIVE 409
STORY THEMES AND EPISODES 411
TYPES OF STORIES 416
WHAT IS A GOOD STORY? 423
Feature 10.B: When Did Identity Become a Problem? 424
Summary 426
Chapter 11 The Interpretation of Stories: From Freud to Today 429
Freudian Interpretation 431
THE STORY OF OEDIPUS 431
A CASE OF OEDIPAL DYNAMICS: THE DEATH OF YUKIO MISHIMA 434
THE CASE OF DORA 437
Feature 11.A: An Alternative Take on Oedipus: Chodorow’s Gender Theory 439
Two Traumatic Events 441
The Dream of the Jewel-Case 442
Dora Revisited 445
PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION 446
Text and Treaty 446
Manifest and Latent 447
Symptoms and Everyday Life 449
The Jungian Approach:Myth and Symbol 451
A COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS 451
INDIVIDUATION AND THE HEROIC QUEST 452
INTERPRETING A DREAM SERIES 455
Adler: Beginnings and Endings 458
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY 458
THE EARLIEST MEMORY 459
FICTIONAL FINALISM 460
Lives as Texts 462
HERMANS’S DIALOGICAL SELF 463
MUSIC AND STORY: GREGG’S APPROACH 467
THE POSTMODERN SELF 469
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES 471
Summary 473
Chapter 12 Writing Stories of Lives: Biography and Life Course 475
Icarus: An Ancient Story 476
Personology and the Study of Lives 480
MURRAY AND THE HARVARD PSYCHOLOGICAL CLINIC 480
THE PERSONOLOGICAL TRADITION 484
SCIENCE AND THE SINGLE CASE 488
Biography, Narrative, and Lives 492
PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY 492
Feature 12.A: Studying Famous People in History 493
Feature 12.B: Why Did van Gogh Cut Off His Ear? 500
THE SEASONS OF ADULT LIFE 501
THE LIFE COURSE 506
Summary 509
Glossary 511
References 525
Credits 575
Name Index 579
Subject Index 588
