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More About This Title Applied Gas Dynamics, 2e
English
A revised edition to applied gas dynamics with exclusive coverage on jets and additional sets of problems and examples
The revised and updated second edition of Applied Gas Dynamics offers an authoritative guide to the science of gas dynamics. Written by a noted expert on the topic, the text contains a comprehensive review of the topic; from a definition of the subject, to the three essential processes of this science: the isentropic process, shock and expansion process, and Fanno and Rayleigh flows.
In this revised edition, there are additional worked examples that highlight many concepts, including moving shocks, and a section on critical Mach number is included that helps to illuminate the concept. The second edition also contains new exercise problems with the answers added. In addition, the information on ram jets is expanded with helpful worked examples. It explores the entire spectrum of the ram jet theory and includes a set of exercise problems to aid in the understanding of the theory presented. This important text:
- Includes a wealth of new solved examples that describe the features involved in the design of gas dynamic devices
- Contains a chapter on jets; this is the first textbook material available on high-speed jets
- Offers comprehensive and simultaneous coverage of both the theory and application
- Includes additional information designed to help with an understanding of the material covered
Written for graduate students and advanced undergraduates in aerospace engineering and mechanical engineering, Applied Gas Dynamics, Second Edition expands on the original edition to include not only the basic information on the science of gas dynamics but also contains information on high-speed jets.
English
ETHIRAJAN RATHAKRISHNAN is professor of Aerospace Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. He is well known internationally for his research in the area of high-speed jets.
English
Preface
Author Biography
1 Basic Facts
1.1 Definition of Gas Dynamics
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Compressibility
1.3.1 Limiting Conditions for Compressibility
1.4 Supersonic Flow – What is it?
1.5 Speed of Sound
1.6 Temperature Rise
1.7 Mach Angle
1.7.1 Small Disturbance
1.7.2 Finite Disturbance
1.8 Thermodynamics of Fluid Flow
1.9 First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Equation)
1.9.1 Energy Equation for an Open System
1.9.2 Adiabatic Flow Process
1.10 The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy Equation)
1.11 Thermal and Calorical Properties
1.11.1 Thermally Perfect Gas
1.12 The Perfect Gas
1.12.1 Entropy Calculation
1.12.2 Isentropic Relations
1.12.3 Limitations on Air as a Perfect Gas
1.13 Wave Propagation
1.14 Velocity of Sound
1.15 Subsonic and Supersonic Flows
1.16 Similarity Parameters
1.17 Continuum Hypothesis
1.18 Compressible Flow Regimes
1.19 Summary
Exercise Problems
2 Steady One-Dimensional Flow
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamental Equations
2.3 Discharge from a Reservoir
2.3.1 Mass Flow Rate per Unit Area
2.3.2 Critical Values
2.4 Streamtube Area – Velocity Relation
2.5 de Laval Nozzle
2.5.1 Mass Flow Relations in terms of Mach Number
2.5.2 Maximum Mass Flow Rate per Unit Area
2.6 Supersonic Flow Generation 74 2.6.1 Nozzles
2.6.2 Physics of the Nozzle Flow Process
2.7 Performance of Actual Nozzles
2.7.1 Nozzle Efficiency
2.7.2 Nozzle Discharge Coefficient
2.8 Diffusers
2.8.1 Special Features of Supersonic Diffusers
2.8.2 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Diffusers
2.8.3 Supersonic Inlets
2.8.4 Fixed-Geometry Inlet
2.8.5 Variable-Geometry Inlet
2.8.6 Diffuser Efficiency
2.9 Dynamic Head Measurement in Compressible Flow
2.9.1 Compressibility Correction to Dynamic Pressure
2.10 Pressure Coefficient
2.11 Summary
Exercise Problems
3 Normal Shock Waves
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Equations of Motion for a Normal Shock Wave
3.3 The Normal Shock Relations for a Perfect Gas
3.4 Change of Stagnation or Total Pressure Across a Shock
3.5 Hugoniot Equation
3.5.1 Moving Shocks
3.6 The Propagating Shock Wave
3.6.1 Weak Shock
3.6.2 Strong Shock
3.7 Reflected Shock Wave
3.8 Centered Expansion Wave
3.9 Shock Tube
3.9.1 Shock Tube Applications
3.10 Summary
Exercise Problems
4 Oblique Shock and Expansion Waves
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Oblique Shock Relations
4.3 Relation between β and θ
4.4 Shock Polar
4.5 Supersonic Flow Over a Wedge
4.6 Weak Oblique Shocks
4.7 Supersonic Compression
4.8 Supersonic Expansion by Turning
4.9 The Prandtl–Meyer Expansion
4.9.1 Velocity Components Vr and Vφ
4.9.2 The Prandtl–Meyer Function
4.9.3 Compression
4.10 Simple and Nonsimple Regions
4.11 Reflection and Intersection of Shocks and Expansion Waves
4.11.1 Intersection of Shocks of the Same Family
4.11.2 Wave Reflection from a Free Boundary
4.12 Detached Shocks
4.13 Mach Reflection
4.14 Shock-Expansion Theory
4.15 Thin Aerofoil Theory
4.15.1 Application of Thin Aerofoil Theory
4.16 Summary
Exercise Problems
5 Compressible Flow Equations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Crocco’s Theorem
5.2.1 Basic Solutions of Laplace’s Equation
5.3 General Potential Equation for Three-Dimensional Flow
5.4 Linearization of the Potential Equation
5.4.1 Small Perturbation Theory
5.5 Potential Equation for Bodies of Revolution
5.5.1 Solution of Nonlinear Potential Equation
5.6 Boundary Conditions
5.6.1 Bodies of Revolution
5.7 Pressure Coefficient
5.7.1 Bodies of Revolution
5.8 Summary
Exercise Problems
6 Similarity Rule
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Two-Dimensional Flow: The Prandtl-Glauert Rule for Subsonic Flow
6.2.1 Prandtl-Glauert Transformations
6.2.2 The Direct Problem–Version I
6.3.1 Subsonic Flow
6.3.2 Supersonic Flow
6.4 The von Karman Rule for Transonic Flow
6.4.1 Use of the von Karman Rule
6.5 Hypersonic Similarity
6.6 Three-Dimensional Flow: Gothert’s Rule
6.6.1 General Similarity Rule
6.6.2 Gothert Rule
6.6.3 Application to Wings of Finite Span
6.6.4 Application to Bodies of Revolution and Fuselages
6.6.5 The Prandtl–Glauert Rule
6.6.6 The von Karman Rule for Transonic Flow
6.7 Critical Mach Number
6.7.1 Calculation of
6.8 Summary
Exercise Problems
7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Linear Solution for Supersonic Flow
7.2.1 Existence of Characteristics in a Physical Problem
7.2.2 Equation for the Streamlines from Kinematic Flow Condition
7.3 Over a Wave-Shaped Wall
7.3.1 Incompressible Flow
7.3.2 Compressible Subsonic Flow
7.3.3 Supersonic Flow
7.3.4 Pressure Coefficient
7.4 Summary
Exercise Problems
8 Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Flow in Constant Area Duct with Friction
8.2.1 The Fanno Line
8.3 Adiabatic, Constant-Area Flow of a Perfect Gas
8.3.1 Definition of Friction Coefficient
8.3.2 Effects of Wall Friction on Fluid Properties
8.3.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics
8.3.4 Working Relations
8.4 Flow With Heating or Cooling in Ducts
8.4.1 Governing Equations
8.4.2 Simple-Heating Relations for a Perfect Gas
8.5 Summary
Exercise Problems
9 Method of Characteristics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Concepts of Characteristics
9.3 The Compatibility Relation
9.4 The Numerical Computational Method
9.4.1 Solid and Free Boundary Points
9.4.2 Sources of Error
9.4.3 Axisymmetric Flow
9.4.4 Nonisentropic Flow
9.5 Theorems for Two-Dimensional Flow
9.6 Numerical Computation with Weak Finite Waves
9.6.1 Reflection of Waves
9.7 Design of Supersonic Nozzle
9.7.1 Contour Design Details
9.8 Summary
10 Measurements in Compressible Flow
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pressure Measurements
10.2.1 Liquid Manometers
10.2.2 Measuring Principle of Manometers
10.2.3 Dial-Type Pressure Gauges
10.2.4 Pressure Transducers
10.3 Temperature Measurements
10.4 Velocity and Direction
10.5 Density Problems
10.6 Compressible Flow Visualization
10.6.1 Supersonic Flows
10.7 Interferometer
10.7.1 Formation of Interference Patterns
10.7.2 Quantitative Evaluation
10.7.3 Fringe-Displacement Method
10.8 Schlieren System
10.8.1 Range and Sensitivity of the Schlieren System
10.8.2 Optical Components Quality Requirements
10.8.3 Sensitivity of the Schlieren Method for Shock and Expansion Studies
10.9 Shadowgraph
10.9.1 Comparison of Schlieren and Shadowgraph Methods
10.10 Wind Tunnels
10.10.1 High-Speed Wind Tunnels
10.10.2 Blowdown Type Wind Tunnels
10.10.3 Induction Type Tunnels
10.10.4 Continuous Supersonic Wind Tunnels
10.10.5 Losses in Supersonic Tunnels
10.10.6 Supersonic Wind Tunnel Diffusers
10.10.7 Effects of Second Throat
10.10.8 Compressor Tunnel Matching
10.10.9 The Mass Flow Rate
10.10.10 Blowdown Tunnel Operation
10.10.11 Optimum Conditions
10.10.12 Running Time of Blowdown wind Tunnels
10.11 Hypersonic Tunnels
10.11.1 Hypersonic Nozzle
10.12 Instrumentation and Calibration of Wind Tunnels
10.12.1 Calibration of Supersonic Wind Tunnels
10.12.2 Calibration
10.12.3 Mach Number Determination
10.12.4 Pitot Pressure Measurement
10.12.5 Static Pressure Measurement
10.12.6 Determination of Flow Angularity
10.12.7 Determination of Turbulence Level
10.12.8 Determination of Test-Section Noise
10.12.9 Use of Calibration Results
10.12.10 Starting of Supersonic Tunnels
10.12.11 Starting Loads
10.12.12 Reynolds Number Effects
10.12.13 Model Mounting-Sting Effects
10.13 Calibration and Use of Hypersonic Tunnels
10.13.1 Calibration of Hypersonic Tunnels
10.13.2 Mach Number Determination
10.13.3 Determination of Flow Angularity
10.13.4 Determination of Turbulence Level
10.13.5 Reynolds Number Effects
10.13.6 Force Measurements
10.14 Flow Visualization
10.15 Summary
Exercise Problems
11 Ramjet
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Ideal Ramjet
11.3 Aerodynamic Losses
11.4 Aerothermodynamics of Engine Components
11.4.1 Engine Inlets
11.5 Flow Through Inlets
11.5.1 Inlet Flow Process
11.5.2 Boundary Layer Separation
11.5.3 Flow over the Inlet
11.6 Performance of Actual Intakes
11.6.1 Isentropic Efficiency
11.6.2 Stagnation Pressure Ratio
11.6.3 Supersonic Inlets
11.6.4 Supersonic Diffusers
11.6.5 Starting Problem
11.7 Shock–Boundary Layer Interaction
11.8 Oblique Shock Wave Incident on Flat Plate
11.9 Normal Shocks in Ducts
11.10 External Supersonic Compression
11.11 Two-Shock Intakes
11.12 Multi Shock Intakes
11.13 Isentropic Compression
11.14 Limits of External Compression
11.15 External Shock Attachment
11.16 Internal Shock Attachment
11.17 Pressure Loss
11.18 Supersonic Combustion
11.19 Summary
Exercise Problems
12 Jets
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Subsonic Jets
12.2 Mathematical Treatment of Jet Profiles
12.3 Theory of Turbulent Jets
12.3.1 Mean Velocity and Mean Temperature
12.3.2 Turbulence Characteristics of Free Jets
12.3.3 Mixing Length
12.4 Experimental Methods for Studying Jets and the Techniques Used for Analysis
12.4.1 Pressure Measurement
12.5 Expansion Levels of Jets
12.5.1 Overexpanded Jets
12.5.2 Correctly Expanded Jets
12.5.3 Underexpanded Jets
12.6 Control of Jets
12.6.1 Classification of Control Methods
12.6.2 Role of Shear Layer in Flow Control
12.6.3 Supersonic Shear Layers
12.6.4 Use of Tabs for Jet Control
12.6.5 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Some Specific Passive Controls
12.6.6 Grooves and Cutouts
12.7 Non-Circular Jets and Shifted Tabs
12.7.1 Jet Control with Tabs
12.7.2 Shifted Tabs
12.7.3 Ventilated Triangular Tabs
12.7.4 Tab edge effect
12.8 Summary
Appendix
References
Index
