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More About This Title Microgrid Planning and Design - A Concise Guide
English
A practical guide to microgrid systems architecture, design topologies, control strategies and integration approaches
Microgrid Planning and Design offers a detailed and authoritative guide to microgrid systems. The authors - noted experts on the topic - explore what is involved in the design of a microgrid, examine the process of mapping designs to accommodate available technologies and reveal how to determine the efficacy of the final outcome. This practical book is a compilation of collaborative research results drawn from a community of experts in 8 different universities over a 6-year period.
Microgrid Planning and Design contains a review of microgrid benchmarks for the electric power system and covers the mathematical modeling that can be used during the microgrid design processes. The authors include real-world case studies, validated benchmark systems and the components needed to plan and design an effective microgrid system. This important guide:
- Offers a practical and up-to-date book that examines leading edge technologies related to the smart grid
- Covers in detail all aspects of a microgrid from conception to completion
- Explores a modeling approach that combines power and communication systems
- Recommends modeling details that are appropriate for the type of study to be performed
- Defines typical system studies and requirements associated with the operation of the microgrid
Written forgraduate students and professionals in the electrical engineering industry, Microgrid Planning and Design is a guide to smart microgrids that can help with their strategic energy objectives such as increasing reliability, efficiency, autonomy and reducing greenhouse gases.
English
DR. HASSAN FARHANGI is Chief System Architect and Principal Investigator of Smart Microgrid initiative at British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), and Adjunct Professor at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, Canada, and the Scientific Director and Principal Investigator of NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council) Pan-Canadian Smart Microgrid Network.
DR. GEZA JOOS is a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Canada, and holds the NSERC/Hydro-Quebec Industrial Research Chair on the Integration of Renewable Energies and Distributed Generation into the Electric Distribution Grid as well as the Canada Research Chair in Powering Information Technologies at McGill University.
English
Disclaimer 2
Dedications 3
Foreword 4
Preface 5
Acknowledgements 7
About the Editors 8
1 Introduction 24
1.1 Research Platform 28
1.2 Research Program and Scope 29
1.3 Research Themes in Smart Microgrids 30
Theme 1: Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 31
Theme 2 Overview: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization and Regulatory Issues 35
Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 39
1.4 Why Microgrid research requires a Network Approach? 42
1.5 NSERC Smart Microgrid NETwork (NSMG-NET) – The Canadian Experience 44
1.6 Microgrid Design Process and Guidelines 45
1.7 Microgrid Design Objectives 46
1.8 Report Organization 48
2 Microgrid Benchmarks 50
2.1 BCIT Smart Microgrid 50
2.1.1. BCIT Microgrid Description 50
2.1.2. BCIT’s Microgrid Subsystems 51
2.2 IREQ Test-Line Microgrid 56
2.2.1. IREQ Microgrid Description 56
2.2.2. IREQ Microgrid Subsystems 56
2.3 CIGRE Microgrid 59
2.3.1. CIGRE Microgrid Description 59
2.3.2. CIGRE Microgrid Subsystems 61
2.4 Benchmarks Selection Justification 63
3 Microgrid Elements and Modeling 64
3.1 Load Model 64
3.1.1. Current Source Based 64
3.1.2. Grid-Tie Inverter Based 65
3.2 PV Model 66
3.3 Wind Turbine Model 67
3.4 Multi-DER Microgrids Modelling 68
3.5 Energy Storage System Model 72
3.6 Electronically Coupled DER (EC-DER) Model 73
3.7 Synchronous Generator Model 75
3.8 Low Voltage Networks Model 75
3.9 Distributed Slack Model 76
4 Analysis and Studies using Recommended Models 79
4.1 Energy Management Studies 79
4.2 Voltage Control Studies 79
4.3 Frequency Control Studies 80
4.4 Transient Stability Studies 80
4.5 Protection Coordination and Selectivity Studies 80
4.6 Economic Feasibility Studies 80
4.7 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Impact Studies 80
4.8 DER Sizing of Microgrids 81
4.9 Ancillary Services Studies 81
5 Control, Monitoring and Protection Strategies 82
5.1 Individual DER Control Strategies 82
5.1.1. Enhanced Control Strategy 82
5.1.2. Decoupled Control Strategy 86
5.1.3. Adaptive Control Strategy 88
5.1.4. Generalized Control Strategy 89
5.1.5. Electronically Coupled Distributed Generation Control Loops 90
5.1.6. Energy Storage System Control Loops 93
5.1.7. Synchronous Generator (SG) Control Loops 96
5.2 Multi-DER and Central Control 98
5.2.1. Centralized Microgrid Controller Functions 98
5.2.2. Multi-DER Control 99
5.2.3. Control of Multiple Source Microgrid 100
5.3 Protection and Monitoring 101
5.3.1. Protection and Control Requirements 101
5.3.2. Communication-assisted Protection and Control 102
5.3.3. Fault Current Control of DER 103
5.3.4. Fault Current Limiting Control Strategy 104
5.3.5. Load Monitoring for Microgrid Control 105
5.3.6. Mitigating the Impact on Protection System 105
5.3.7. Interconnection Transformer Protection 106
6 Information and Communication Systems 108
6.1 IT and Communication Requirements in a Microgrid 109
6.1.1. HAN Communications 109
6.1.2. LAN Communications 109
6.1.3. WAN Communications 110
6.2 Technological options for communication systems 112
6.2.1. Cellular/Radio Frequency 112
6.2.2. Cable/DSL 113
6.2.3. Ethernet 113
6.2.4. Fiber Optic SONET/SDH and E/GPON over fiber optic links 113
6.2.5. Microwave 113
6.2.6. Power Line Communication 114
6.2.7. WiFi (IEEE 802.11) 114
6.2.8. WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) 114
6.2.9. ZigBee 114
6.3 IT and Communication Design Examples 114
6.3.1. Universal Communication Infrastructure 114
6.3.2. Grid Integration Requirements, Standard, Codes and Regulatory Considerations 115
6.3.3. Distribution Automation 116
6.3.4. Integrated Data Management and Portals 116
7 Power & Communication Systems 118
7.1 Example of Real-time Systems using IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 118
8 System Studies and Requirements 123
8.1 Data and Specification Requirements 123
8.2.1. Topology related characteristics 125
8.2.2. Demand related characteristics 126
8.2.3. Economics and environment related characteristics 126
8.2 Microgrid Design Criteria 126
8.3.1. Reliability and Resilience 127
8.3.2. DERs Technologies 128
8.3.3. DERs Sizing 130
8.3.4. Load Prioritization 131
8.3.5. Microgrid Operational States 131
8.3 Design Standards and Application Guides 135
8.4.1. ANSI/NEMA 135
8.4.2. IEEE 136
8.4.3. UL 136
8.4.4. NEC 136
8.4.5. IEC 137
8.4.6. CIGRE 137
9 Sample Case Studies for Real-time Operation 139
9.1 Operational Planning Studies 139
9.2 Economic and Technical Feasibility Studies 140
9.3 Policy and Regulatory Framework Studies 142
9.4 Power Quality Studies 142
9.5 Stability Studies 145
9.6 Microgrid Design Studies 146
9.7 Communication and SCADA System Studies 147
9.8 Testing and Evaluation Studies 148
9.9 Example Studies 149
10 Microgrid Use Cases 151
10.1. Benefit Estimate Use Case 151
10.2. EMS Functional Requirements Use Case 156
10.3. Optimal Operational Planning Use Case 160
10.4. Frequency Control 164
10.5. Voltage Control 167
10.6. Protection 169
10.7. Intentional Islanding 172
10.8. Unintentional Islanding 175
10.9. Reconnection 177
11 Validation with Field Results 180
11.1. EMS Economic Dispatch 180
11.1.1. Applicable Design on the BCIT Microgrid 180
11.1.2. Design guidelines 181
11.1.3. Valuation Functions 181
11.1.4. Multi-Objective Optimization 185
11.1.5. Results & Discussion 190
11.2. Voltage and Reactive Power Control 194
11.2.1. Volt-VAR Optimization Control 194
11.2.2. VVO/CVR Architecture 195
11.2.3. VVO/CVR modeling 198
11.3. Microgrid Anti-Islanding 201
11.3.1. Test System 201
11.3.2. Tests Performed and Results 203
11.4. Real time Testing 212
11.4.1. Hardware-in-the-loop Real Time Test Bench 212
11.4.2. Real-time System using IEC 61850 Communication Protocol 215
11.4.3. Results 216
12 Conclusion 220
12.1 Challenges and Methodologies 220
Theme 1 – Operation, Control, and Protection of Smart Microgrids 220
Theme 2: Smart Microgrid Planning, Optimization and Regulatory Issues 233
Theme 3: Smart Microgrid Communication and Information Technologies 243
12.2 Final thoughts 254
13 References 256
