Title Details

Preface

Acknowledgements

Introduction

An attempt to clarify the problem

Comments for a deployment in real conditions

Conclusion

Chapter 1 - A little piece of history …

1.1 - The first age of navigation

1.2 - The longitude problem and the importance of time

1.3 - The link between time and space

1.3.1 – A brief history of the evolution of the perception of time

1.3.2 – Comparison with the possible change in our perception of space

1.4 – The radio age

1.5 - The first terrestrial positioning systems

1.6 - The era of artificial satellites

1.7 – The new problem: availability and accuracy of positioning systems

1.8 – References

Chapter 2 - What is exactly the indoor positioning problem?

2.1 – General introduction to indoor positioning

2.1.1 – The basic problem: example of the navigation application

2.1.2 – The “perceived” needs

2.1.3 – The wide range of possible technologies

2.1.4 – Comments on the “best” solution

2.2 – Is indoor positioning the next “longitude problem”?

2.3 – A quick summary of the indoor problem

2.4 - References

Chapter 3 - A general introduction to positioning techniques, and their associated difficulties

3.1 – Angle based positioning technique

3.1.1 – Pure Angle based positioning technique

3.1.2 – Triangulation based positioning technique

3.2 – Distance based positioning technique

3.2.1 – Distances to known environment based positioning technique

3.2.2 – The Radar method

3.2.3 - The hyperbolic method

3.2.4 - Mobile telecommunication networks

3.3 – Doppler based positioning approach

3.3.1 – The Doppler Radar method

3.3.2 – The Doppler positioning approach

3.4 – Physical quantity based positioning approaches

3.4.1 – Luminosity measurements

3.4.2 – Local networks

3.4.3 – Attitude and heading reference system

3.4.3.1 - Accelerometers

3.4.3.2 – Gyro meters

3.4.3.3 – Odometers 

3.4.3.4 – Magnetometers 

3.5 – Image based positioning approach

3.6 - ILS, MLS, VOR, DME

3.7 - Summary

3.8 - References

Chapter 4 - Various possible classifications of indoor technologies

4.1 – The parameters to consider

4.2 – Discussion about these parameters

4.2.1 - Parameters related to the hardware of the system

4.2.2 - Parameters related to the type and performances of the system

4.2.3 - Parameters related to the real implementation of the system

4.2.4 - Parameters related to the physical aspects of the system

4.3 – The technologies considered

4.4 – The complete tables

4.5 – Playing with the complete table

4.6 – The selected approach for the rest of the book

4.7 - References

Chapter 5 - Proximity technologies: approaches, performance and limitations

5.1 – The Bar Codes

5.2 – Contactless cards and credit cards

5.3 – Image recognition

5.4 – Near Field Communication - NFC

5.5 – The QR Codes

5.6 – Discussion of other technologies

5.7 - References

Chapter 6 - Room restricted technologies: challenges and reliability

6.1 – Image markers

6.2 – Infra-red sensors

6.3 – Laser

6.4 – Lidar

6.5 – Sonar

6.6 – Ultra sound sensors

6.7 - References

Chapter 7 – “Set of rooms” technologies

7.1 – The radar

7.2 – The RFID

7.3 – The UWB

7.4 - References

Chapter 8 - Building range technologies

8.1 – Accelerometer

8.2 – Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy

8.3 – Gyro meter

8.4 – Image relative displacement

8.5 – Image SLAM

8.6 – LiFi

8.7 – Light opportunity

8.8 – Sound

8.9 – Theodolite

8.10 – WiFi

8.11 – Symbolic WiFi

8.12 - References

Chapter 9 - Building range technologies: the specific case of Indoor GNSS

9.1 – Introduction

9.2 - The concept of local transmitters

9.3 - Pseudolites

9.4 - Repeaters

9.4.1 - The clock bias approach

9.4.2 - The pseudo ranges approach

9.5 - The repealites

9.5.1 - The proposed system architecture

9.5.2 - The advantages

9.5.3 - The limitations

9.6 - The Grin-Locs

9.6.1 - The Double Antenna

9.6.2 - Resolution in Case of a Plurality of Double Antennas

9.7 – References

Chapter 10 - Wide area indoor positioning: block, city and county approaches

10.1 – Introduction

10.2 – Amateur radio

10.3 – The ISM radio bands (433/868/… MHz)

10.4 – The mobile networks

10.4.1 - The first networks (GSM)

10.4.2 - The modern networks (3G, 4G and 5G)

10.5 – The LoRa and SigFox

10.6 – The AM/FM radio

10.7 – The TV

10.8 - References

Chapter 11 - World Wide indoor positioning technologies: achievable performance

11.1 – The Argos and Cospas-Sarsat systems

11.1.1 – The Argos system

11.1.2 – The COSPAS-SARSAT system

11.2 – The GNSS

11.3 – High accuracy GNSS

11.3.1 – HS-GNSS

11.3.2 – A-GNSS

11.4 – The magnetometer

11.5 – Pressure sensor

11.6 – The radio signals of opportunity

11.7 – Wired networks

11.8 - References

Chapter 12 - Combining techniques and technologies

12.1 – Introduction

12.2 – Fusion and hybridization

12.2.1 - Strategies for combining technologies

12.2.2 - Strategies for choosing the optimal data

12.2.3 - Classification and estimators

12.2.4 - Filtering

12.3 – Collaborative approaches

12.3.1 - Approach using Doppler measurements to estimate velocities

12.3.2 - Approach using Doppler measurements in case some nodes are fixed

12.3.3 - Approach using Doppler measurements to estimate angles

12.3.4 - Approach using distance measurements

12.3.5 - Approach analyzing the deformation of the network

12.3.6 - Comments

12.4 – General discussion

12.5 - References

Chapter 13 - Maps

13.1 – A map: not just an image

13.2 – Indoor poses specific problems

13.3 – Map representations

13.4 – Input tools

13.5 – Some examples of the use of interior mapping

13.5.1 - Some guiding applications

13.5.2 - Some services associated with mapping

13.6 – Synthesis

13.7 - References

Chapter 14 - Synthesis and possible forthcoming “evolution”

14.1 – Indoor positioning: signals of opportunity or local infrastructure?

14.1.1 - A few constrained selections

14.1.2 - Comparison of three approaches and discussion

14.2 - Discussion

14.3 – The possible evolution of everybody’s daily life

14.3.1 – A student’s day

14.3.2 – Improving an out-patient’s visit to hospital

14.3.3 – The flow of people in public places

14.4 – Internet of Things and Internet of Everything

14.5 – Possible future approaches

14.6 – Conclusion

14.7 – References