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More About This Title Pollutant Fate and Transport in Environmental Multimedia
English
Bridges the gaps between regulatory, engineering, and science disciplines in order to comprehensively cover pollutant fate and transport in environmental multimedia
This book presents and integrates all aspects of fate and transport: chemistry, modeling, various forms of assessment, and the environmental legal framework. It approaches each of these topics initially from a conceptual perspective before explaining the concepts in terms of the math necessary to model the problem so that students of all levels can learn and eventually contribute to the advancement of water quality science.
The first third of Pollutant Fate and Transport in Environmental Multimedia is dedicated to the relevant aspects of chemistry behind the fate and transport processes. It provides relatively simple examples and problems to teach these principles. The second third of the book is based on the conceptual derivation and the use of common models to evaluate the importance of model parameters and sensitivity analysis; complex equation derivations are given in appendices. Computer exercises and available simulators teach and enforce the concepts and logic behind fate and transport modeling. The last third of the book is focused on various aspects of assessment (toxicology, risk, benefit-cost, and life cycle) and environmental legislation in the US, Europe, and China. The book closes with a set of laboratory exercises that illustrate chemical and fate and transport concepts covered in the text, with example results for most experiments.
- Features more introductory material on past environmental disasters and the continued need to study environmental chemistry and engineering
- Covers chemical toxicology with various forms of assessment, United States, European, and Chinese regulations, and advanced fate and transport modeling and regulatory implications
- Provides a conceptual and relatively simple mathematical approach to fate and transport modeling, yet complex derivations of most equations are given in appendices
- Integrates the use of numerous software packages (pC-pH, EnviroLab Simulators, Water, Wastewater, and Global Issues), and Fate©2016
- Contains numerous easy-to-understand examples and problems along with answers for most end-of-the-chapter problems, and simulators for answers to fate and transport questions
- Includes numerous companion laboratory experiments with EnviroLab
Requiring just a basic knowledge of algebra and first-year college chemistry to starte, Pollutant Fate and Transport in Environmental Multimedia is an excellent textbook for upper-level undergraduate and graduate faculty and students studying environmental engineering and science.
English
Frank M. Dunnivant, PhD, is currently a professor in the Department of Chemistry, Whitman College. He has worked for several labs including the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, and the Swiss Federal Institute for Water and Waste Water Pollution (EAWAG). He has extensive experience with practical applications, research, and writing on environmental engineering and analytical science topics.
Elliot Anders holds a degree in Environmental Chemistry, works as a software engineer with a commitment to social justice and improving the environment, and is a cofounder of Educational Solutions, LLC.
English
Preface
Acknowledgements
Instructor/Student Resources
To the instructor
To the student
To the environmental professional
Acronyms
Glossary
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Sources and Types of Pollutant, Why We need Modeling, and The Need to StudyHistorical Pollution Events
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The need for modeling of pollutants in environmental media
1.3 Pollution versus Contamination; Pollutant versus Contaminant
1.4 Pollution Classifications
1.5 Sources of Pollution
1.6 Historic Examples of where Fate and Transport Modeling are useful
Surface water:
Groundwater:
Atmosphere:
1.6.1 Pre-Environmental Movement and Legislation
1.6.2 Legacy Waste Sites
1.6.2.a INEEL Test Area North Deep Well Injection
1.6.2.b The release of nitrobenzene-based solvents at the Sondermulldeponie landfill
1.6.3 Post-Environmental Movement Era Accidents
1.6.3.a Methyl Isocyanate release in Bhopal, India
1.6.3.b Accident at the Nuclear Power Plant at Chernobyl, Ukraine
1.6.3.c A Chemical Spill on the Rhine River
1.6.3.d A Chemical Spill into the Tisza River Bordering Hungary and Romania
1.6.3.e The Kingston Fossil Plant Incident, Tennessee (USA)
1.6.3.f Lead in the Domestic Drinking Water of Flint River, Michigan
1.6.3.g Ajka Alumina Plant Accident (Hungary)
1.6.3.h Talvivaaara Mine Leak (Finland)
1.6.3.i Huangpu River (China)
1.6.3.j Tianjin Chemical Plant Explosion (China)
1.6.3.k Amimas River Mine Tailing Spill
1.6.3.l Duke Power Coal Ash Spill
1.7 Environmental Laws
Concepts and Exercises
Literature Cited and Consulted
Part II: Chemistry of Fate and Transport Phenomena
Chapter 2: Basic Chemical Processes in Pollutant Fate and Transport Modeling
2.1 The Liquid Medium: Water and the Water Cycle
2.2 Unique Properties of Water
2.3 Concentration units
2.4 Chemical aspects of environmental systems
2.4.1 pH
2.4.2 Activity
2.4.3 Solubility
2.4.4 Vapor pressure
2.4.5 Henry’s law constant
2.5 Reactions and Equilibrium
2.5.1 Acid-base chemistry
2.5.2 Oxidation-reduction chemistry
2.6 Complexation
2.7 Equilibrium Sorption Phenomena
2.7.1 Sorption surfaces
2.7.2 Organic Matter
2.7.3 Sorbates
2.7.4 Distribution and Partition Coefficients, Kd and Kp
2.7.5 Ion Exchange Phenomena for Ionic Pollutants
2.8 Transformation/Degradation Reactions
2.8.1 Abiotic Chemical Transformations/Degradations
2.8.2 Photochemical Transformation/Degradation Reactions
2.8.3 Nuclear
2.8.4 Biological
2.9 Fugacity Concepts and Modeling
2.10 Summary
Concepts and Exercises
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 3: Quantitative Aspects of Chemistry Toward Modeling
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Calculation of the free metal ion concentration in natural waters
3.2.1 Activity
3.2.2 Calculating Chemical Equilibria
3.2.3 Equilibrium Applied to more Complex Speciation Problems
3.3 Methods for determining Kd and Kp
3.4 Kinetics of the sorption process
3.5 Sorption Isotherms
3.6 Kinetics of transformation reactions
3.7 Numerical Chemical Speciation Models
3.8 Putting it all together: Where chemistry enters into the modeling effort
Case I: A metal pollutant
Case II: Hydrophobic pollutants
3.9 The basic approach to Fate and Transport Modeling
Concepts and Exercises
Literature Cited and Consulted
Part III: Fate and Transport Models:
Chapter 4: An Overview of Pollutant Fate and Transport Modeling
4.1 Modeling approaches
4.1.1 Algebraic solutions
4.1.2 Modeling using differential equations
4.1.3 The General Approach for the Models used in this Text
4.1.4 Numerical Methods of Analysis
4.2 The Quality of Modeling Results
4.3 What do you do with your modeling results?
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 5: Fate and Transport Concepts for Lake Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of lakes and lake-forming events
5.3 Input Sources
5.4 Stratification of Lake Systems
5.5 Environmental Sampling of Lake Systems
5.6 Important Factors in the Modeling of Lakes: Conceptual Model Development
5.6.1 Definitions of Terms:
5.6.2 Detention times and effective mixing volumes
5.6.3 Chemical Reactions
5.6.4 Sedimentation
5.7. Two Basic Mathematical Models for Lakes
5.7.1 The Basic Model Development
5.7.2 Continuous (Step) Input Model
5.7.3 Instantaneous (Pulse) Input Model
5.8 Sensitivity Analysis
5.9 Limitations of Our Models
5.10 Remediation
5.11 Numerical Modeling Approaches for Large Lakes
5.12 Useful Algebraic Model formulation
Exercises and Problems
Appendix 5.A Model Derivations
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 6: Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Rivers and Streams
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Examples of rivers and volumetric flows of water
6.3 Input sources
6.4 Sampling of Surface Waters
6.5 Important Factors in the Modeling of Streams: Conceptualization of Terms
6.5.1 Definition of terms
6.5.2 The stream channel
6.5.3 Mixing and dispersion in rivers
6.5.4 Removal reactions
6.6 Mathematical development of transport models
6.6.1 Solution for a Step Pollutant Input
6.6.2 Solution to a Pulse Pollutant Input
6.7 Sensitivity Analysis
6.8 Limitations of our models
6.8.1. One-dimensional versus two-dimensional models and inputs of pollutant plumes in wide streams
6.8.2. Volatilization of pollutants
6.9 Remediation of Polluted Streams Systems
Exercises and Problems
Appendix 6.A Model Derivations
6.A.1 Integrating Factors
6.A.2 Laplace Transforms
6.A.3 River Model – Step
6.A.4 River Model - Pulse
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 7: Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves in Streams: The Streeter-Phelps Equation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Input sources (wastewater flow rates and BOD levels)
7.3 Sampling of wastewater
7.4 Mathematical derivation of the Streeter Phelps model
7.5 Sensitivity Analysis
7.6 Limitations of our model
Average re-aeration rates for streams
Sedimentation of BOD particles
7.7 Remediation
7.8 One last note on Estuaries
Exercises and Problems
Appendix 7.A Model Derivations
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 8: Fate and Transport Concepts for Groundwater Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Input sources
8.3 Monitoring wells
Cable tool percussion method
Direct rotary drill method
Augers
Well casing, grouting, and sealing the well casing
Well development
Sampling equipment
But how good is our well?
8.4 Groundwater sampling equipment
8.5 Chemistry experiments used to support modeling efforts:
Kd and Kp Values
Relationship between K and the groundwater fate and transport equation
Column studies for evaluating pollutant transport in subsurface media
8.6 Direction of water flow (the three-point problem)
8.7 Physical Parameters important in pollutant fate and transport
Sources of dispersion in geological media
A Case Study: The INEEL experiment
Towards a universal estimate technique for dispersion
8.8 Derivation of Mathematical models for Groundwater
8.8.1 Step Pollutant Input into a Groundwater System pulse model
8.8.2 Instantaneous Pollutant Input to a Groundwater System
8.7.3 More realistic but complex models: 2-D and 3-D models
8.9 Sensitivity analysis
8.10 Limitations of our models
8.11 Remediation
8.12 Numerical models
Concepts and Problems
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 9: Fate and Transport Concepts Atmosphere Systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Input Sources
9.3 Atmospheric Sampling Equipment and Efforts
9.4 Important Factors in the Modeling of Atmospheric Pollution: Conceptual Model Development
9.4.1 One- versus two- versus three-dimensional models
9.4.2 Mixing and dispersion in atmospheric systems
9.5 Mathematical development of two basic models
9.5.1 Step Input (Plume Model) of Pollutant
9.5.2 Instantaneous Input (Pulse or Puff Model) of Pollution
9.6 Sensitivity Analysis
9.7.1 Limitations of our model
9.7.1 Chemistry
9.7.2 Dispersion and mixing
9.7.3 Wind velocity
9.8 Remediation
9.9 Models used by Professionals
Concepts and Exercises
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 10 More Advanced Modeling and Regulatory Modeling
Raymond Whittemore
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Generic Model Types
10.3 Model Availability
10.4 Atmospheric Quality Models
10.5 Surface Water models
10.6 Large Scale Watershed Models
10.7 Sub-surface or Groundwater Models
10.8 Modeling of Toxic Substances
10.9 Human Health Risk Assessment
10.10 Other Useful Regulatory Models
Concepts
Exercises
Literature Cited and Consulted
Part IV: Toxicology and Risk Assessment:
Chapter 11 Toxicology, Risk Assessment, Cost Benefit Analysis, and Life Cycle Assessment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Toxicology
11.3 Risk Assessment
11.3.1 The Concept of Risk
11.3.2 Dose rates from various sources
11.3.2.a Ingestion of pollutants from drinking water
11.3.2.b Ingestion of water while swimming
11.3.2.c Dermal contact with pollutants in water while swimming
11.3.2.d Ingestion of pollutants in soil
11.3.2.e Intake from dermal contact with pollutants in soil
11.3.2.f Inhalation of airborne (vapor phase) pollutants
11.3.2.g Ingestion of contaminated fish and shellfish
11.3.2.h Ingestion of contaminated fruits and vegetables
11.3.2.i Ingestion of contaminated meat, eggs, and dairy products
11.3.3 Health Risk Calculations for Carcinogens
11.3.4 Health Risk Calculations for Non-Carcinogens
11.3.5 Bioconcentration Calculations
11.3.6 Putting It All Together: Margin of Error (Uncertainty) of the Entire Estimation Process
11.3.7 Connecting Fate and Transport Predictions with Risk Assessment
11.4 Life Cycle Assessment
11.5 Benefic-Cost Analysis
11.6 Summary
Concepts and Exercises
Literature Cited and Consulted
Part V: Environmental Movements and Laws:
Chapter 12: U.S. Environmental Laws
12.1 Environmental Movements in the United States
12.2 The History of the Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA): Administrators and Accomplishments
12.3 Major U.S. Environmental Laws
12.3.1 The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
12.3.2 The Air Quality Act, The Clean Air Act, and Amendments
12.3.3 The National Environmental Policy Act
12.3.4 The Solid Waste Disposal Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and Amendments
12.3.5 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act)
12.3.6 The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the Clean Water Restoration Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and Amendments
12.3.7 The Toxic Substances Control Act
12.3.8 The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
12.3.9 The Oil Pollution Act
12.3.10 The Pollution Prevention Act
12.3.11 The Endangered Species Act of 1966 and Amendments
12.3.12 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) of 1972
12.4 EPA’s Record
12.5 Environmental Permitting and Compliance
12.6 International Agreements/Treaties Involving the U.S.
12.6.1 U.S. – Canada Environmental Agreements
12.6.2 Multinational Agreements
12.7 Summary
Exercises
Literature Cited and Consulted
Chapter 13: Environmental Policy in the European Union
13.1 Introduction to the European Union
13.2 The Environment and the European Union
13.3 The Early Stages of the EU’s Environmental Efforts
13.4 Existing Environmental Legislation
13.5 Waste Management Legislation
13.6 Water Legislation
13.7 Air Quality Legislation
13.8 Environmental Disasters
Chapter 14: Environmental Laws in China
Zeyu Liu and Yi Xu (Suzy)
14.1 Environmental Law and Policy in the People’s Republic of China
14.2 Brief Introduction to China
14.3 Economy and the Environment
14.4 History of Environmental Law and Policy
14.5 Existing Environmental Law and Policy
14.6 Challenges and the Future of Environmental Governance
14.7 Can China take on the leading role in the global environmental governance?
Part VI: World Class Pollutants:
Chapter 15: World Class Pollutants
15.1 Hg
15.1.1 Sources
15.1.2 Production/Use
15.1.3 Fate and Environmental Distribution
15.1.4 Health effects
15.2 Pb
15.2.1 Sources
15.2.2 Production/Use
15.2.3 Fate
15.2.4 Environmental Distribution
15.2.5 Health Effects
15.3 PCBs
15.3.1 Sources
15.3.2 Production/Use
15.3.3 Fate and Environmental Distribution
15.3.4 Health Effects
15.4 DDT
15.4.1 Sources
15.4.2 Production/Use
15.4.3 Fate
15.4.4 Environmental Distribution
15.4.5 Health Effects
15.5 Endocrine Disruptors
15.5.1 Sources
15.5.2 Uses and Points of Contact
15.5.3 Fate and Environmental Distribution
15.5.4 Health Effects
15.6 Plastics
15.7 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change
Part VII: Supporting Laboratory Exercises
Chapter 16 Laboratory Experiments
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Keeping a Legally Defensible Laboratory Notebook Quarter/Semester long experiments
16.3 Creation of Natural Organic Matter (NOM)
16.4 Winogradsky Column: A Microcosm of Aquatic Environments Supporting Laboratory Experiments
16.5 The Determination of Alkalinity in Water Samples
16.6 Total Suspended and Dissolved Solids in Water Samples
16.7 The Determination of Hardness in a Water Sample
16.8 The Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Water using the Winkler Method (Iodiometric Titration Method)
16.9 The determination of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of sewage influent: BOD5 and/or BOD¬20
16.10 Determination of a Clay-Water Distribution Coefficient for Copper
16.11 The measurement of dispersion in a simulated river system
16.12 The measurement of dispersion and sorption in a simulated groundwater system
16.13 A Field Study of A Stream
