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More About This Title Abiotic Stress Response in Plants
English
After a general introduction into the topic, the following sections deal with specific signaling pathways mediating plant stress response. The last part covers translational plant physiology, describing several examples of the development of more stress-resistant crop varieties.
English
Currently assistant professor at MD University, Rohtak, India, Sarvajeet Singh Gill has made significant contributions to abiotic stress tolerance. Together with Narendra Tuteja he worked on plant helicases and discovered a novel function of plant MCM6 in salinity stress tolerance that will help improve crop production at sub-optimal conditions. A recipient of the Junior Scientist of the Year Award 2008 from the National Environmental Science Academy, Sarvajeet Gill has edited several books and has a number of research papers, review articles, and book chapters to his name.
English
List of Contributors XVII
Foreword XXV
Preface XXVII
Part I Abiotic Stresses – An Overview 1
1 Abiotic Stress Signaling in Plants–An Overview 3
Sarvajeet Singh Gill, Naser A. Anjum, Ritu Gill, and Narendra Tuteja
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Perception of Abiotic Stress Signals 4
1.3 Abiotic Stress Signaling Pathways in Plants 4
1.3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species 5
1.3.2 Transcription Factors 6
1.3.3 Calcium and Calcium-Regulated Proteins 7
1.3.4 MAPK Cascades 7
1.4 Conclusions, Crosstalks, and Perspectives 8
Acknowledgments 8
References 9
2 Plant Response to Genotoxic Stress: A Crucial Role in the Context of Global Climate Change 13
Anca Macovei, Mattia Donà, Daniela Carbonera, and Alma Balestrazzi
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Genotoxic Effects of UV Radiation 14
2.3 UV-B-Induced DNA Damage and Related Signaling Pathway 15
2.4 Repair of UV-B-Induced DNA Lesions: The Role of Photolyases 16
2.5 Contribution of the NER Pathway in the Plant Response to UV Radiation 17
2.6 Chromatin Remodeling and the Response to UV-Mediated Damage 18
2.7 Homologous Recombination and Nonhomologous End Joining Pathways are Significant Mechanisms in UV Tolerance 20
2.8 UV-B Radiation and Genotoxic Stress: In Planta Responses 21
2.9 Heat Stress: A Challenge for Crops in the Context of Global Climate Change 21
2.10 Conclusions 22
References 23
3 Understanding AlteredMolecular Dynamics in the Targeted Plant Species in Western Himalaya in Relation to Environmental Cues: Implications under Climate Change Scenario 27
Sanjay Kumar
3.1 Why Himalaya? 27
3.2 Climate Change is Occurring in Himalaya 31
3.3 Plant Response to Climate Change Parameters in Himalayan Flora 34
3.3.1 How to Enhance the Efficiency of Carbon Uptake? Plants at High Altitude Offer Clues 34
3.3.2 Managing Oxidative Stress the Nature’sWay 36
3.3.2.1 Engineering SOD for Climate Change 37
3.3.3 Transcriptome Analysis Offers Genes and Gene Suits for Tolerance to Environmental Cues 37
3.3.3.1 Clues from Plants at High Altitude 38
3.3.3.2 Clues from Plants at Low Altitude 39
3.3.3.3 Summing up the Learning from Transcriptome Data 42
3.4 Impact on Secondary Metabolism under the Climate Change Scenario 42
3.5 Path Forward 46
Acknowledgments 47
References 48
4 Crosstalk between Salt, Drought, and Cold Stress in Plants: Toward Genetic Engineering for Stress Tolerance 55
Sagarika Mishra, Sanjeev Kumar, Bedabrata Saha, Jayprakash Awasthi, Mohitosh Dey, Sanjib Kumar Panda, and Lingaraj Sahoo
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Signaling Components of Abiotic Stress Responses 57
4.3 Decoding Salt Stress Signaling and Transduction Pathways 58
4.3.1 Signal Perception, Sensors, and Signaling in Plant Cells 59
4.3.1.1 Calcium: An Active Sensor for Salt Stress 59
4.3.1.2 Role of IP3 in Signaling Events for Salt Stress 59
4.3.1.3 SOS Pathway – A Breakthrough Approach in Deciphering Salt Signaling 60
4.3.1.4 Role of pH in Salt Stress Signaling 61
4.3.1.5 ABA Signaling in Salt Stress 61
4.3.1.6 ROS Accumulation in Salt Stress 61
4.4 Drought Stress Signaling and Transduction Pathways 62
4.4.1 Drought Stress Sensors 63
4.4.1.1 Histidine Kinases (HKs) 63
4.4.1.2 Receptor-Like Kinases (RLK) 64
4.4.1.3 Microtubules as Sensors 65
4.4.2 Drought Signal Transduction 65
4.4.2.1 ABA-Dependent Pathway 66
4.4.2.2 Drought Signal Effector 67
4.5 Cold Stress Signaling and Transduction Pathways 68
4.5.1 Cold Stress Sensors 68
4.5.2 Signal Transduction 69
4.5.2.1 ABA-Independent Pathway Involved in Cold and Drought Stress Responses 69
4.5.2.2 Role of Transcription Factors/Element 70
4.5.3 Cold Stress Effector 72
4.5.3.1 HSF/HSP 72
4.5.3.2 ROS 72
4.6 Transgenic Approaches to Overcome Salinity Stress in Plants 73
4.6.1 MYB-Type Transcription Factors 73
4.6.2 Zinc Finger Proteins 74
4.6.3 NAC-Type Transcription Factors 74
4.6.4 bZIP (Basic Leucine Zipper) Transcription Factors 74
4.6.5 MAPKs (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) 75
4.6.6 CDPKs (Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases) 75
4.6.7 RNA-Interference-Mediated Approach and Role of siRNAs and miRNAs in Developing Salt-Tolerant Plants 75
4.7 Conclusion 76
References 77
5 Intellectual PropertyManagement and Rights, Climate Change, and Food Security 87
Karim Maredia, Frederic Erbisch, Callista Rakhmatov, and Tom Herlache
5.1 Introduction: What Are Intellectual Properties? 88
5.2 Protection of Biotechnologies 88
5.2.1 Federal Protection 88
5.2.1.1 Patents 88
5.2.1.2 Plant Variety Protection 89
5.2.1.3 Copyright 90
5.2.1.4 Trademarks 90
5.2.2 Non-federal Protection 91
5.2.2.1 Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) 91
5.2.2.2 Confidential Disclosure Agreements (CDA) 91
5.2.2.3 Research Agreements 91
5.2.2.4 Cooperative or Inter-Institutional Agreements 92
5.3 Management Challenges of Biotechnologies 92
5.3.1 Recognizing the Value of Intellectual Property 92
5.3.2 Creating General Awareness of the Importance of Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 93
5.3.3 Developing an Intellectual Property Management System/Focal Point 93
5.3.4 Building Functional National and Institutional Intellectual Property Policies 93
5.3.5 Enforcement/Implementation of Intellectual Property Policies 93
5.3.6 Institutional Support and Commitment 94
5.4 Making Biotechnologies Available 94
5.5 Licensing of Biotechnologies 95
5.6 Intellectual Property Management and Technology Transfer System at Michigan State University 96
5.7 IP Management and Technology Transfer at Michigan State University 96
5.8 Enabling Environment for IP Management, Technology Transfer, and Commercialization at MSU 97
5.9 International Education, Training and Capacity Building Programs in IP Management and Technology Transfer 99
5.10 Impacts ofMSU’s IP Management and Technology Transfer Capacity Building Programs 100
5.11 Summary andWay Forward 102
References 103
Part II Intracellular Signaling 105
6 Abiotic Stress Response in Plants: Role of Cytoskeleton 107
Neelam Soda, Sneh L. Singla-Pareek, and Ashwani Pareek
6.1 Introduction 107
6.1.1 Cytoskeleton in Prokaryotes 108
6.1.1.1 FtsZ 109
6.1.1.2 MreB and ParM 109
6.1.1.3 Crescentin 109
6.1.2 Cytoskeleton in Eukaryotes 109
6.1.2.1 Microtubules 109
6.1.2.2 Microfilaments 109
6.1.2.3 Intermediate Filament 110
6.1.2.4 Microtrabeculae 111
6.2 Role of Cytoskeleton in Cells 111
6.3 Abiotic Stress-Induced Structural Changes in MTs 112
6.4 Abiotic Stress-Induced Structural Changes in MFs 116
6.5 Abiotic Stress-Induced Structural Changes in Intermediate Filaments 119
6.6 Abiotic Stress and Cytoskeletal Associated Proteins 119
6.7 Future Perspectives 121
Acknowledgments 122
References 122
7 Molecular Chaperone: Structure, Function, and Role in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance 131
Dipesh Kumar Trivedi, Kazi Md. Kamrul Huda, Sarvajeet Singh Gill, and Narendra Tuteja
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Heat Shock Proteins 133
7.2.1 Structure and Function 133
7.2.2 Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 136
7.3 Calnexin/Calreticulin 138
7.3.1 Introduction 138
7.3.2 Mechanism of Calnexin/Calreticulin 139
7.3.3 Responses against Abiotic Stresses 140
7.3.4 Activation in Response Misfolded Protein 140
7.4 Cyclophilin and Protein Disulfide Isomerase 140
7.5 Other Reports Regarding Molecular Chaperones 142
7.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 143
Acknowledgment 143
References 144
8 Physiological Roles of Glutathione in Conferring Abiotic Stress Tolerance to Plants 151
Kamrun Nahar,Mirza Hasanuzzaman, and Masayuki Fujita
8.1 Introduction 152
8.2 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Glutathione 153
8.3 Roles of Glutathione under Abiotic Stress Conditions 154
8.3.1 Salinity 155
8.3.2 Drought 160
8.3.3 Toxic Metals 161
8.3.4 Extreme Temperature 163
8.3.5 Ozone 164
8.4 Glutathione and Oxidative Stress Tolerance 165
8.4.1 Direct Role of Glutathione as Antioxidant 165
8.4.2 Role of Glutathione in Regulation of Its Associated Antioxidant Enzymes 166
8.5 Involvement of Glutathione in Methylglyoxal Detoxification System 167
8.6 Role of Glutathione as a Signaling Molecule under Abiotic Stress Condition 169
8.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 171
Acknowledgments 171
References 171
9 Role of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases during Abiotic Stress Tolerance 181
Tapan Kumar Mohanta and Alok Krishna Sinha
9.1 Introduction 181
9.2 Classification of CDPKs 182
9.3 Substrate Recognition 184
9.4 Mechanism of Regulation of CDPKs 185
9.4.1 Ca2+-Mediated Regulation 187
9.4.2 Regulation by Autophosphorylation 188
9.4.3 Hormonal Regulation of CDPKs 188
9.4.4 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Mediated Regulation 190
9.5 Subcellular Localization of CDPKs 190
9.6 Crosstalk between CDPKs and MAPKs 191
9.7 CDPK in Stress Response 193
9.7.1 Rice CDPK in Stress Response 193
9.7.2 Arabidopsis CDPK in Stress Response 194
9.7.3 Wheat CDPK in Stress Response 195
9.8 Conclusion 196
Abbreviations 197
References 197
10 Lectin Receptor-Like Kinases and Their Emerging Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 203
Neha Vaid, Prashant K. Pandey, and Narendra Tuteja
10.1 Introduction 203
10.2 Evolution of RLKs 205
10.3 Lectin Receptor-Like Kinase 206
10.4 Classification of the LecRLK Family 206
10.5 Roles of LecRLKs 207
10.5.1 Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 209
10.5.2 Roles of LecRLKs in Development and Biotic Stresses 210
10.6 Conclusion 210
Acknowledgments 212
References 212
Part III Extracellular or Hormone-Based Signaling 217
11 Heavy-Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress in Plants: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives 219
Sanjib Kumar Panda, Shuvasish Choudhury, and Hemanta Kumar Patra
11.1 Background and Introduction 219
11.2 ROS and Oxidative Stress: Role of Heavy Metals 222
11.3 Heavy-Metal Hyperaccumulation and Hypertolerance 223
11.4 Molecular Physiology of Heavy-Metal Tolerance in Plants 224
11.5 Future Perspectives 226
References 227
12 Metallothioneins and Phytochelatins: Role and Perspectives in Heavy Metal(loid)s Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 233
Devesh Shukla, Prabodh K. Trivedi, Pravendra Nath, and Narendra Tuteja
12.1 Introduction 233
12.1.1 Essential Heavy Metals 234
12.1.2 Nonessential Heavy Metals 234
12.1.2.1 Cadmium 235
12.1.2.2 Arsenic 235
12.2 Methods/Processes of Remediation of Soil 236
12.2.1 Heavy-Metal Tolerance and Remediation by Plants 236
12.3 Metal-Binding Ligands of Plants 238
12.3.1 Metallothioneins 238
12.3.1.1 General Classification of MTs 239
12.3.1.2 Function of Metallothioneins 241
12.3.1.3 Overexpression of Metallothioneins in Plants and Other Organisms 242
12.3.2 Phytochelatins 244
12.3.2.1 General Structure and Function of Phytochelatins 244
12.3.2.2 Biosynthesis of Phytochelatins 245
12.3.2.3 Cloning of Phytochelatin Synthase Gene 248
12.3.2.4 Expression of PC Synthase in Plants 250
12.3.2.5 Expression of PC Synthase in Transgenic Organisms Leads to Contradictory Results 251
12.3.2.6 Application of Phytochelatin in Phytoremediation 254
12.3.2.7 Artificial PCs, a Synthetic Biology Approach toward Phytoremediation 254
12.4 Conclusion 255
Acknowledgments 256
Abbreviations 256
References 256
13 Plant Response to Arsenic Stress and Role of Exogenous Selenium to Mitigate Arsenic-Induced Damages 261
Meetu Gupta, Chandana Pandey, and Shikha Gupta
13.1 Introduction 262
13.1.1 Arsenic and Selenium 262
13.1.2 Arsenic and Selenium Interaction 263
13.2 Arsenic and Selenium in Food Crop Plants 265
13.2.1 Biofortification 266
13.3 Role of Signaling Molecules in Mitigation of Arsenic and Selenium 267
13.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 270
References 271
14 Brassinosteroids: Physiology and Stress Management in Plants 275
Geetika Sirhindi, Manish Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, and Renu Bhardwaj
14.1 Background and Introduction 275
14.2 Physiological Roles of BRs 277
14.2.1 Seed Germination 277
14.2.2 BRs in Cell Division, Elongation, and Tissue Differentiation 278
14.2.3 BRs in Shoot and Root Development 279
14.2.4 BR in Flowering and Fruit Development 281
14.2.5 Brassinosteroids in Stress Management 283
14.2.6 Brassinosteroids in Biotic Stress Tolerance 284
14.3 Brassinosteroids in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 286
14.3.1 Water Stress 286
14.3.2 Salinity Stress 288
14.3.3 BR in Heavy-Metal Stress 291
14.3.4 BR in Chilling Stress 294
14.3.5 BR in Heat Stress 295
14.4 Conclusion 297
References 297
15 Abscisic Acid (ABA): Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 311
Dipesh Kumar Trivedi, Sarvajeet Singh Gill, and Narendra Tuteja
15.1 Introduction 311
15.2 Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis and Signaling 312
15.3 Abscisic Acid and Transcription Factors in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 312
15.4 Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mediated by Abscisic Acid 315
15.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 318
Acknowledgments 318
References 318
16 Cross-Stress Tolerance in Plants: Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Methylglyoxal Detoxification Systems 323
Mohammad Anwar Hossain, David J. Burritt, and Masayuki Fujita
16.1 Introduction 324
16.2 Perception of Heat- and Cold-Shock and Response of Plants 326
16.3 Reactive Oxygen Species Formation under Abiotic Stress in Plants 329
16.4 Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Detoxification System in Plants 332
16.5 Antioxidant Defense Systems and Cross-Stress Tolerance of Plants 332
16.6 Methylglyoxal Detoxification System (Glyoxalase System) in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Cross-Stress Tolerance 338
16.7 Signaling Roles for Methylglyoxal in Induced Plant Stress Tolerance 340
16.8 The Involvement of Antioxidative and Glyoxalase Systems in Coldor Heat-Shock-Induced Cross-Stress Tolerance 341
16.9 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Its Role in Cross-Tolerance in Plants 343
16.10 Regulatory Role of H2O2 during Abiotic Oxidative Stress Responses and Tolerance 344
16.11 H2O2: A Part of Signaling Network 349
16.12 Involvement of Heat- or Cold-Shock Protein (HSP or CSP) Chaperones 350
16.13 Amino Acids (Proline and GB) in Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Cross-Stress Tolerance 354
16.14 Involvement of Ca+2 and Plant Hormones in Cross-Stress Tolerance 357
16.15 Conclusion and Future Perspective 358
Acknowledgments 359
Abbreviations 359
References 359
Part IV Translational Plant Physiology 377
17 Molecular Markers and Crop Improvement 379
Brijmohan Singh Bhau, Debojit Kumar Sharma, Munmi Bora, Sneha Gosh, Sangeeta Puri, Bitupon Borah, Dugganaboyana Guru Kumar, and Sawlang
BorsinghWann
17.1 Introduction 380
17.1.1 Importance of Crop Improvement 382
17.1.2 Environmental Constraints Limiting Productivity 383
17.1.3 High Temperatures 385
17.1.4 Drought 385
17.1.5 Salinity 386
17.1.6 Flooding 387
17.1.7 Role of Modern Biotechnology 388
17.2 Molecular Markers 391
17.2.1 Improved or "Smart" Crop Varieties 394
17.2.2 Molecular Plant Breeding and Genetic Diversity for Crop Improvement 395
17.3 Conclusion 397
References 400
18 Polyamines in Stress Protection: Applications in Agriculture 407
Rubén Alcázar and Antonio F. Tiburcio
18.1 Challenges in Crop Protection against Abiotic Stress: Contribution of Polyamines 407
18.2 Polyamine Homeostasis: Biosynthesis, Catabolism and Conjugation 409
18.3 Drought Stress and PA Metabolism 411
18.4 Polyamine Metabolism in Drought-Tolerant Species 413
18.5 Regulation of PAMetabolism by ABA 414
18.6 Future Perspectives 415
Acknowledgments 416
References 416
Index 419
