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More About This Title Public Health Nutrition
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English
Public Health Nutrition is an essential purchase for students majoring in nutrition and dietetics. Public health nutrition as a subject is growing immensely in importance, taking into account the real potential to reduce the burden of non-communicable chronic disease through diet. Professionals in nutrition, dietetics, food science, medicine, community health care and many related health care areas will all find much of great use within the book’s covers. Libraries in all universities, medical schools and establishments teaching and researching in these subject areas should have several copies on their shelves.
OTHER BOOKS IN THE NUTRITION SOCIETY TEXT BOOK SERIES:
Introduction to Human Nutrition: ISBN 0 632 05624 X
Nutrition & Metabolism: ISBN 0 632 05625 8
Clinical Nutrition: ISBN 0 632 05626 6
- English
English
Series Foreword xi
Preface xii
Contributors xiii
1. An Overview of Public Health Nutrition 1
Barrie M Margetts
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Organization of the book 3
1.3 Definitions used in public health 4
1.4 What are the key public health problems? 7
1.5 Food and nutrition policy 10
1.6 The public health nutrition cycle 12
1.7 Step 1: Identify key nutrition-related problem 12
1.8 Step 2: Set goals and broad aims 15
1.9 Step 3: Define objectives 16
1.10 Step 4: Create quantitative targets 16
1.11 Step 5: Develop program 18
1.12 Step 6: Implementation 22
1.13 Step 7: Evaluation 23
2. Nutritional Epidemiology 26
Michael Nelson, Shirley AA Beresford and John M Kearney
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Types of study 31
2.3 Study design: sampling, study size and power 34
2.4 Measuring exposure 39
2.5 Measuring outcomes 50
2.6 Measuring diet–disease (exposure–outcome) associations 54
2.7 Interpretation of associations 60
2.8 Expressing results from nutritional epidemiological studies 63
2.9 Perspectives on the future 64
3. Assessment of Nutritional Status in Individuals and Populations 66
Ruth E Patterson and Pirjo Pietinen
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Dietary assessment 67
3.3 Biomarkers as measures for the assessment of nutritional status 75
3.4 Anthropometric and other clinical measures 77
3.5 Error in methods of assessment of nutritional status 78
3.6 Perspectives on the future 81
4. Assessment of Physical Activity 83
Michael Sjöström, Ulf Ekelund and Agneta Yngve
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Definition of commonly used terms 84
4.3 Dimensions of physical activity 86
4.4 Reliability and validity of physical activity assessment instruments 90
4.5 Physical activity assessment methods 91
4.6 Perspectives on the future 104
5. Public Health Nutrition Strategies for Intervention at the Ecological Level 106
Kim D Reynolds, Knut-Inge Klepp and Amy L Yaroch
5.1 Introduction 106
5.2 Definition of the ecological approach 106
5.3 Individual versus ecological approaches 107
5.4 Key principles in the ecological approach 108
5.5 Intervention 110
5.6 Advantages and disadvantages of this approach 111
5.7 Guidelines for using the ecological approach to design nutrition interventions 111
5.8 Ethical issues to consider 112
5.9 Ecological interventions to change eating habits 113
5.10 Perspectives on the future 119
6. Public Health Nutrition Strategies for Intervention at the Individual Level 120
Barrie M Margetts
6.1 Introduction 120
6.2 Interventions of supplementary feeding, foods or nutrients 123
6.3 Changing behavior without giving foods 124
6.4 Evaluation of programs and interventions 130
6.5 Perspectives on the future 131
7. Dietary Guidelines 133
Michael J Gibney and Petro Wolmarans
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Overview of dietary recommendations 133
7.3 Quantitative dietary guidelines 134
7.4 Qualitative dietary guidelines 137
7.5 Steps involved in devising food-based dietary guidelines 139
7.6 Visual presentations of food guides related to dietary guidelines 143
7.7 Perspectives on the future 143
8. Food Choice 144
David N Cox and Annie S Anderson
8.1 Introduction 144
8.2 The study of food choice 145
8.3 Population issues affecting food choice 147
8.4 Individual issues affecting food choice 152
8.5 Perspectives on the future 163
9. Public Health Aspects of Overnutrition 167
Jacob C Seidell and Tommy LS Visscher
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Macronutrients, excess energy intake and overweight 170
9.3 Obesity as a determinant of mortality and morbidity 171
9.4 Perspectives on the future 177
10. Public Health Aspects of Undernutrition 178
Mark J Manary and Noel W Solomons
10.1 Introduction 178
10.2 Definitions of undernutrition 178
10.3 Clinical syndromes of undernutrition 179
10.4 Micronutrient deficiency: "hidden hunger" 180
10.5 Time trends and contemporary prevalences 181
10.6 Etiology: determinants and conditioning factors for undernutrition 181
10.7 Public health consequences of undernutrition 187
10.8 Policy and programmatic issues in preventing undernutrition 188
10.9 Policy and programmatic issues in reversing undernutrition 190
10.10 Perspectives on the future 191
11. Vitamin A Deficiency 192
Faruk Ahmed and Ian Darnton-Hill
11.1 Introduction 192
11.2 Consequences of vitamin A deficiency 194
11.3 Epidemiology 200
11.4 Prevention and control 203
11.5 Assessment of vitamin A status 208
11.6 Monitoring and evaluation 212
11.7 Perspectives on the future 214
12. Iodine and Iodine-deficiency Disorders 216
Clive E West, Pieter L Jooste and Chandrakant S Pandav
12.1 Introduction 216
12.2 Definition of iodine deficiency 216
12.3 Clinical features 219
12.4 Iodine metabolism 219
12.5 Reference intakes for iodine 221
12.6 Public health aspects to iodine deficiency 222
12.7 Management of iodine deficiency 223
12.8 Assessment and elimination of iodine deficiency disorders 225
12.9 Perspectives on the future 226
13. Iron-deficiency Anemias 227
Kamasamudram Vijayaraghavan
13.1 Introduction 227
13.2 Definition and clinical features of iron-deficiency anemia 228
13.3 Iron metabolism 230
13.4 Reference intakes for iron 232
13.5 Public health implications of iron-deficiency anemia 232
13.6 Perspectives on the future 234
14. Fear of Fatness and Fad Slimming Diets 236
Mary AT Flynn
14.1 Introducton 236
14.2 Epidemioogy 237
14.3 Life-cycle fatness trends 237
14.4 Definitions and descriptions 238
14.5 Etiology 241
14.6 Consequences for public health 242
14.7 Prevention strategies 244
14.8 Assessing body image 245
14.9 Perspectives on the future 246
15. Nutrition and Child Development 247
Helen Baker-Henningham and Sally Grantham-McGregor
15.1 Introduction 247
15.2 Child development and the role of the environment 248
15.3 Possible mechanisms linking undernutrition to poor development 248
15.4 Prevalence of nutritional deficiencies 249
15.5 Intrauterine growth retardation 250
15.6 Breast-feeding and its influence on child development 251
15.7 Wasting, stunting and severe clinical malnutrition 253
15.8 Iron-deficiency anemia 256
15.9 Iodine deficiency 259
15.10 Zinc deficiency 260
15.11 Vitamin A deficiency 260
15.12 Studies on the effects of short-term hunger and school feeding 261
15.13 Perspectives on the future 262
16. Infant Feeding 264
Anna Coutsoudis and Jane Bentley
16.1 Introduction 264
16.2 Role and importance of breast-feeding 265
16.3 Barriers to successful breast-feeding 268
16.4 Breast-feeding challenges 271
16.5 Potential feeding difficulties 274
16.6 Breast-feeding and human immunodeficiency virus transmission 275
16.7 Infant feeding after 6 months 277
16.8 Monitoring the child’s growth: the road-to-health chart 280
16.9 Perspectives on the future 281
17. Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancy: The Role of Folate and Related B-Vitamins 283
John Scott and Helene McNulty
17.1 Introduction 283
17.2 Biochemical basis for the role of folate in adverse outcomes of pregnancy 284
17.3 Evidence that folate and other related vitamins play a protective role against adverse outcomes of pregnancy 290
17.4 Prevention of folate-responsive adverse outcomes of pregnancy 295
17.5 Perspectives on the future 300
18. Maternal Nutrition, Fetal Programming and Adult Chronic Disease 302
David JP Barker and Keith M Godfrey
18.1 Introduction 302
18.2 Observations establishing the link between size at birth and later cardiovascular disease 303
18.3 Potential confounding influences 305
18.4 Findings for particular cardiovascular and metabolic disorders 305
18.5 Determinants of fetal growth and programming: the importance of fetal nutrition 311
18.6 Maternal influences on fetal nutrition 312
18.7 Perspectives on the future 316
19. Cardiovascular Disease 317
Jim Mann
19.1 Introduction 317
19.2 Epidemiology 318
19.3 Correlations between coronary heart disease rates and food intake 319
19.4 Prospective observation of subjects for whom diet histories are available 320
19.5 Cardiovascular risk factors and their nutritional determinants 321
19.6 Clinical trials of cardiovascular risk reduction by dietary modification 323
19.7 Nutritional strategies for high-risk populations 326
19.8 Perspectives on the future 328
20. Diabetes Mellitus 330
Ambady Ramachandran and Chamukuttan Snehalatha
20.1 Introduction 330
20.2 Classification of diabetes 330
20.3 Diagnosis of diabetes 331
20.4 Risk factors for the development of diabetes 332
20.5 Diabetes as a public health issue 334
20.6 Prevention and management of diabetes 336
20.7 Scope for primary prevention of diabetes 339
20.8 Perspectives on the future 340
21. Cancer and Diet 341
Lenore Arab and Susan Steck-Scott
21.1 Introduction 341
21.2 Mechanisms of effect of diet 341
21.3 Carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion and progression to metastases 343
21.4 Gene–nutrient interactions in carcinogenesis 344
21.5 Epidemiological studies of diet and cancer 346
21.6 Dietary constituents of interest 350
21.7 Prevention: preventive potential 354
21.8 Prevention guidelines for individuals and populations 355
21.9 Perspectives on the future 355
22. Disease Prevention: Osteoporosis and Hip Fracture 357
Nicholas Harvey and Cyrus Cooper
22.1 Introduction 357
22.2 Definition 357
22.3 Epidemiology: the scale of the problem 358
22.4 The biology of bone health 363
22.5 Perspectives on the future 369
Further reading 369
Appendix 370
Index 373