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More About This Title Voltage References: From Diodes to PrecisionHigh-Order Circuits
English
Voltage References covers the conceptual history and scope of practical design issues behind marketable and precision integrated voltage references. Effectual for professionals and understandable to novice designers, this book provides a familiarity with simple rudimentary design as well as precision state-of-the-art ones. Also covered are the design implications on SOC solutions, and low-voltage, low-power, and noisy mixed-signal environments. Enhanced with design examples, this volume will increase the reader's understanding of analog integrated circuits and the issues involved in producing commercially marketable and reliable devices.
Primary topics include:
- The complete design of integrated voltage references
- Basics of voltage references, from diodes and current mirrors to temperature-dependent current references
- Design of zero-order, first-order, second-order, and higher-order reference circuits
- State-of-the-art curvature-correction techniques
- Practical design issues of integrated references, from error sources and circuit topologies to trimming circuits, package-shift effects, and characterization
Voltage References is an essential book for IC designers, product engineers, test engineers, researchers, and professors, as well as undergraduate and graduate students.
English
English
PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xlii
LIST OF TABLES xv
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
SUMMARY xxi
1 THE BASICS 1
1.1 The Diode 4
1.1.1 Breakdown Region 6
1.1.2 Forward-Biased Region 7
1.2 Current Mirrors 8
1.2.1 The Simple Mirror 10
1.2.2 Cascode Mirrors 11
1.2.3 Regulated Cascode Mirrors 13
1.3 Summary 16
Appendix A.I Temperature Dependence of the Diode Voltage 16
Bibliography 20
2 CURRENT REFERENCES 23
2.1 PTAT Current References 24
2.1.1 Bipolar Implementations 24
2.1.2 CMOS Implementations 26
2.2 Startup Circuits and Frequency Compensation 29
2.2.1 Continuous-Conduction Startup Circuits 29
2.2.2 State-Dependent Startup Circuits 30
2.2.3 Frequency Compensation 33
2.3 CTAT Current References 34
2.4 Temperature-Independent Current References 35
2.5 PTAT2 Current Generators 36
2.5.1 Bipolar Implementations 36
2.5.2 CMOS Implementations 37
2.6 Summary 42
Bibliography 43
3 VOLTAGE REFERENCES 45
3.1 Zero-Order References 46
3.1.1 Forward-Biased Diode References 46
3.1.2 Zener References 50
3.2 First-Order References 50
3.2.1 Forward-Biased Diode References 50
3.2.2 Zener References 53
3.3 Second-Order References (Curvature Correction) 57
3.4 State-of-the-Art Curvature-Correction Techniques 61
3.4.1 Temperature-Dependent Resistor Ratio 61
3.4.2 Diode Loop 62
3.4.3 j8 Compensation 64
3.4.4 Piecewise-Linear Current-Mode Technique 65
3.4.5 Matched-Nonlinear Correction 67
3.4.6 Exact Method 71
3.5 Summary 76
Bibliography 77
4 DESIGNING PRECISION REFERENCE CIRCUITS 79
4.1 Error Sources 80
4.1.1 Qualitative Effects 81
4.2 The Output Stage 87
4.2.1 Voltage-Mode 88
4.2.2 Current-Mode 89
4.2.3 Mixed-Mode 90
4.2.4 Regulated versus Unregulated References 91
4.3 Designing for Power Supply Rejection and Line Regulation 99
4.3.1 Cascodes 99
4.3.2 Pseudo-Power Supply 101
4.4 Summary 108
Appendix A.4 Error Sources in a Typical First-Order Bandgap 108
Appendix B.4 Effect of the Resistors' Temperature Coefficient on a Reference with a Current-Mode Output Stage 116
Bibliography 118
5 CONSIDERING THE SYSTEM AND THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT 119
5.1 Design of the Trim Network 120
5.1.1 Trim Range 121
5.1.2 Trimming Techniques 124
5.2 Package-Shift Effects 130
5.3 System-Related Issues 134
5.3.1 Circuit Implications 134
5.3.2 Layout Implications 135
5.4 Characterization 138
5.5 Summary 142
Appendix A.5 Bandgap Trimming Procedure for a Mixed-Mode (Both Voltage-Mode and Current-Mode) Output Stage 143
Appendix B.5 Package Shift-Effects in Bandgap Reference Circuits 148
Appendix C.5 Derivation of the Time Required for a Reference Circuit to Change a Finite Amount upon a Single-Step Stimulus 153
Bibliography 155
INDEX 157
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 167
