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More About This Title iLearning: How to Create an Innovative LearningOrganization
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THE AUTHOR
Mark Salisbury has more than twenty years of experience designing and developing human performance solutions. He is the host of the popular radio show The Knowledge Worker. In addition, Salisbury is an associate professor in the Organizational Learning and Instructional Technology program at the University of New Mexico, where he teaches graduate courses and conducts research in the area of knowledge management.
English
Figures and Tables xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
Introduction: Getting The Most from This Book xxvii
The Author xxxv
PART ONE: FACILITATING COLLABORATIVE WORK 1
1 Why iLearning? 3
Learning Objectives 3
Expert Advice 3
iLearning: An Example 4
Building on the Familiar 9
The Life Cycle of Knowledge 13
2 Becoming One Mind 15
Learning Objectives 15
Expert Advice 15
Concept 16
Cognition Is Distributed Across Individuals 17
Cognition Is Distributed in Artifacts 17
Cognition Is Captured in the History of Artifacts 18
Application 19
How to Distribute Cognition Across Individuals 19
How to Distribute Cognition in Artifacts 20
How to Capture Cognition in the History of Artifacts 21
3 Agreeing on the Workflow Process 23
Learning Objectives 23
Expert Advice 23
Concept 24
Traditional Ways Fail to Define Processes 25
Storytelling Can Define Processes 26
Application 27
How to Recognize Failure to Define Processes 27
How to Use Storytelling to Define Processes 28
4 Defining Roles Within the Process 31
Learning Objectives 31
Expert Advice 31
Concept 32
Identification of Roles 33
Rules of Engagement Between Roles 34
Application 35
How to Identify Specific Roles 35
How to Define Rules of Engagement Between Roles 36
5 Working the Process 39
Learning Objectives 39
Expert Advice 39
Concept 40
Knowledge Products Have Performance Objectives 41
Performance Objectives Support Collaborative Work 42
Performance Objectives Provide Metrics 43
Performance Objectives Improve Processes 44
Application 45
How to Identify Performance Objectives 46
How to Support Collaborative Work 47
How to Provide Metrics 48
How to Improve Processes 48
PART TWO: FACILITATING INNOVATIVE LEARNING 51
6 Making Knowledge Visible 53
Learning Objectives 53
Expert Advice 53
Concept 54
The Tacit-Explicit-Tacit Cycle 55
Externalization of Knowledge 55
Internalization of Knowledge 56
Application 56
How to Identify Tacit-Explicit-Tacit Cycles 57
How to Externalize Knowledge 57
How to Internalize Knowledge 58
7 Differentiating Knowledge 61
Learning Objectives 61
Expert Advice 61
Concept 62
Knowledge Is Factual 63
Knowledge Is Conceptual 63
Knowledge Is Procedural 64
Knowledge Is Metacognitive 64
Application 64
How to Identify Factual Knowledge 64
How to Identify Conceptual Knowledge 65
How to Identify Procedural Knowledge 65
How to Identify Metacognitive Knowledge 66
8 Differentiating Knowledge Assets 67
Learning Objectives 67
Expert Advice 67
Concept 68
Documents Embody Factual Knowledge 69
Instruction Embodies Conceptual Knowledge 70
Examples Embody Procedural Knowledge 70
Expert Advice Embodies Metacognitive Knowledge 71
Tacit Knowledge Should Be Managed 72
Application 73
How to Provide Access to Factual Knowledge 73
How to Provide Access to Conceptual Knowledge 74
How to Provide Access to Procedural Knowledge 74
How to Provide Access to Metacognitive Knowledge 75
How to Manage Tacit Knowledge 75
9 Differentiating Learners 77
Learning Objectives 77
Expert Advice 77
Concept 78
Novices Understand and Remember Knowledge 79
Practitioners Analyze and Apply Knowledge 80
Experts Create and Evaluate Knowledge 80
Learners Have Cognitive Needs 80
Application 81
How to Understand and Remember Knowledge 81
How to Analyze and Apply Knowledge 82
How to Create and Evaluate Knowledge 84
How to Meet Learners’ Cognitive Needs 86
PART THREE: ENABLING AN ILEARNING ORGANIZATION 89
10 Locating and Marshaling Expertise 91
Learning Objectives 91
Expert Advice 91
Concept 92
Using Social Network Analysis to Locate Expertise 93
Marshaling Expertise to Produce Knowledge Assets 94
Application 95
How to Use Social Network Analysis to Locate Expertise 95
How to Marshal Expertise to Produce Knowledge Assets 96
11 Ensuring Incentives to Share 99
Learning Objectives 99
Expert Advice 99
Concept 100
People Work in Their Own Self-Interest 101
Barriers to Knowledge Sharing Need to Be Removed 102
Hard Rewards for Knowledge Sharing
Need to Be Developed 103
Soft Rewards for Knowledge Sharing Need to Be Developed 104
Application 105
How to Align with People’s Self-Interest 105
How to Remove Barriers 107
How to Develop Hard Rewards 108
How to Develop Soft Rewards 109
12 Measuring Individual Learning and Performance 113
Learning Objectives 113
Expert Advice 113
Concept 114
Examples Are a Performance Measure 116
Documents Are a Performance Measure 117
Instruction Is a Performance Measure 118
Expert Advice Is a Performance Measure 119
Performance Objectives Are a Performance Measure 119
Total Knowledge Assets Are a Performance Measure 120
Application 120
How to Measure Examples 121
How to Measure Documents 123
How to Measure Instruction 126
How to Measure Expert Advice 127
How to Measure Performance Objectives 129
How to Measure Total Knowledge Assets 130
13 Improving Team Learning and Performance 133
Learning Objectives 133
Expert Advice 133
Concept 134
Single-Loop Learning 135
Double-Loop Learning 138
Team Learning 138
Application 139
How to Support Single-Loop Learning 139
How to Support Double-Loop Learning 142
How to Support Team Learning 143
14 Managing Organizational Learning and Performance 147
Learning Objectives 147
Expert Advice 147
Concept 148
Single-Loop Learning 149
Double-Loop Learning 149
Organizational Learning 150
Application 151
How to Support Single-Loop Learning 151
How to Support Double-Loop Learning 156
How to Support Organizational Learning 158
PART FOUR: APPLYING METHODOLOGIES AND DEPLOYING TECHNOLOGIES 161
15 Reusing Knowledge Assets 163
Learning Objectives 163
Expert Advice 163
Concept 164
Knowledge Assets Can Be Organized into
Learning Objects 165
Knowledge Assets Can Be Reused 166
Application 166
How to Organize Knowledge Assets 166
How to Reuse Knowledge Assets 167
16 Repurposing Knowledge Assets 171
Learning Objectives 171
Expert Advice 171
Concept 172
Knowledge Assets Can Be Shared 173
Knowledge Assets Can Be Repurposed 174
Application 175
How to Share Knowledge Assets 175
How to Repurpose Knowledge Assets 177
17 Organizing Knowledge Assets 181
Learning Objectives 181
Expert Advice 181
Concept 182
Knowledge Assets Can Be Linked for Reuse 183
Knowledge Assets Can Be Linked for Repurposing 183
Application 185
How to Link Knowledge Assets for Reuse 186
How to Link Knowledge Assets for Repurposing 186
18 Managing Knowledge Assets 189
Learning Objectives 189
Expert Advice 189
Concept 190
Knowledge Assets Can Be Reused 191
Knowledge Assets Can Be Repurposed 192
Application 194
How to Update Reused Knowledge Assets 194
How to Update Repurposed Knowledge Assets 195
19 Deploying Information Technologies 199
Learning Objectives 199
Expert Advice 200
Concept 201
Development of a System Concept 201
Management of Collaboration 203
Management of Knowledge Products 204
Management of Knowledge Assets 205
Role-Based Access to Knowledge Assets 206
Assessment of Learning and Performance 208
Application 209
How to Design a System Concept 209
How to Manage Collaboration 210
How to Manage the Knowledge Products of Work 212
How to Manage the Knowledge Assets for Learning 213
How to View Knowledge Assets by Role 214
How to Assess Learning and Performance 214
PART FIVE: FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR ILEARNING 217
20 Emerging Information Technologies 219
Learning Objectives 219
Expert Advice 219
Concept 220
Technology Is Mobile 221
New Media Forms Are Available 221
3-D Environments Are Evolving 222
Application 224
How to Use Mobile Technology to Support iLearning 224
How to Use New Media Forms to Support iLearning 226
How to Use a 3-D Environment to Support iLearning 227
21 Changing Our World 229
Learning Objectives 229
Expert Advice 229
Concept 230
iLearning Is Changing K–12 Schools 231
iLearning Is Changing Colleges and Universities 232
iLearning Is Changing the Global Economy 232
Application 233
How to Change K–12 Schools with iLearning 233
How to Change Colleges and Universities with iLearning 235
How to Change with the Global Economy
Using iLearning 236
Appendix: iLearning Resources 239
Index 241
