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More About This Title Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism inthe Twentieth Century, Third Edition
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Rising to a great challenge in this remarkable study, Bruce Pauley compares the origins, development, and demise of all three forms of European totalitarianism, explaining why the old regimes that preceded the dictatorships failed, how the totalitarian movements arose, and how they captured, consolidated, and eventually plummeted from power.
Although its vivid portraits of the dictators' youths, early careers, relationships with women, management styles, and cults of personality–that they and their propaganda machines crafted–are certain to fascinate all readers, Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini is much more than a triple biography; it is a unique, interpretive comparison of the economics, culture, education, and health-care systems of all three dictatorships. While more conventional subjects such as diplomacy and war are by no means neglected, Professor Pauley goes further to explore the regimes' treatment of women, young people, and their terroristic oppression of religious institutions and minorities.
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Bruce F. Pauley, Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Central Florida, holds degrees from Grinell College, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and the University of Rochester. He also studied at the University of Graz (Austria) and the University of Vienna. He is the author of The Habsburg Legacy, 1867-1939; Heimatschutz und hakenkrenz: Steirischer Heimatschutz und Österreichischer nationalsozialismus, 1918-1934; Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis: A History of Austrian National Socialism; and Der Weg in den Nationalsozialisms: Ursprünge und Entwicklung in Österreich. His book, From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism, won the Chrles Smith award from the Austrian Cultural Institute. Its German translation, Eine Geshichte des österreichischen Antisemitismus: Von der Ausgrenzung Zur Auslöschung, was a best seller in Austria. He has been granted a Fulbright-Hays Fellowship and several stipends from the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 1966 and 2005 he received distinguished alumni awards from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He is currently completing a book on ethnic conflict in Central Europe with Charles Ingrao of Purdue University.
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Foreword vii
List of Illustrations xii
Preface xiii
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Preface to the First Edition ix
1. The Ideological Foundations 1
Definitions of Totalitarianism 1
Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism 4
Fascism and Nazism 6
2. The Seizure of Power 11
Russia on the Eve of the Revolution 11
The Establishment of the Soviet Dictatorship 14
The Failure of Liberal Italy 20
The Birth and Triumph of Fascism 23
Germany and the Impact of World War I 29
The Weimar Republic and the Rise of the Nazi Movement 34
The Great Depression and the Nazi Takeover 39
3. Personalities and Policies of the Dictators 45
Stalin’s Youth and Early Career 45
Stalin the Demigod 49
Mussolini: The Young Socialist 51
The Duce: Strengths and Weaknesses 55
The Young Hitler 57
Hitler: The Catholic Dictator 61
Hitler’s Private Life and Relations with Women 64
4. Totalitarian Economies 68
The End of the New Economic Policy 68
Stalin’s War against the Peasants 70
The First Five-Year Plan and Industrialization 76
The Fascist Economy 79
The Economy of National Socialist Germany 83
5. Propaganda, Culture, and Education 90
The Limitations of Propaganda 90
Soviet Propaganda 92
Fascist Propaganda 94
Nazi Propaganda 96
Totalitarian Culture 100
Soviet Education 108
Education in the Fascist States 110
Youth Groups 113
6. Family Values and Health 119
The Conservative Trend in Values 119
Soviet Women: The Mixed Blessings of Emancipation 121
Fascist Italy: The Failure of Antifeminism 124
Women in Nazi Germany: Kinder, Kirchie und Küche? 128
Health and Eugenics in Nazi Germany 133
Religion: The Basic Incompatibility 136
7. Totalitarian Terror 144
The Great Purges in the Soviet Union 145
Terror and Persecution in the Fascist States 153
The Persecution of Jews 154
8. The Era of Traditional Diplomacy and War, 1933-1941 165
Hitler’s Foreign Policy Strategy 166
Hitler as “Peace Lover,” 1933-1935 170
From Ethiopia to Spain: Fascist Italy at War 172
Austria and Czechoslovakia: Hitler’s First Conquests 176
The Approach of War 182
The Blitzkrieg campaigns 185
The Italian Intervention 190
9. Total War, 1941-1945 197
Hitler Turns East 197
Stalin’s Preparations for War 201
The Russian Campaign in 1941 206
Hitler and the Untermenschen 209
Hitler and Stalin as War Lords 212
The Fall of Fascism 218
The German Home Front 221
The War in the West 224
The End of the Third Reich 228
10. The Collapse of Soviet Totalitarianism 233
Stalin’s Last Years, 1945-1953 233
The Khurshchev Era 237
Reaction and Reform: From Brezhnev to Gorbachev 241
Problems of the Soviet Economy and Society 244
Soviet Women in the Last Years of the Regime 247
Soviet Society in the 1980s: The Balance Sheet 249
The Revolt of the Satellites and the Disintegration of the Soviet Union 250
The End of Soviet Totalitarianism 253
11. Lessons and Prospects 256
The Triumph of Dogmatism 256
The Structural Flaws of Totalitarianism 258
The Totalitarian Legacy 263
Bibliographical Essay 269
Index 292
Photographs / follow page 164
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Praise for previous editions:
"Pauley fashions a very readable, concise narrative—neither historical essay, textbook, nor monograph—of use to the student in a modern European history course or to the educated general reader. ...The author of significant books on Austrian National Socialism and anti-Semitism, Pauley deserves thanks for writing a first-rate work of synthesis for the general audience." (German Studies Reviews, July 1999)
