Title Details

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Note to Students 3

1.2 Scope of Fluid Mechanics 4

1.3 Definition of a Fluid 4

1.4 Basic Equations 5

1.5 Methods of Analysis 6

1.6 Dimensions and Units 11

1.7 Analysis of Experimental Error 15

1.8 Summary 16

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 20

2.1 Fluid as a Continuum 21

2.2 Velocity Field 23

2.3 Stress Field 29

2.4 Viscosity 31

2.5 Surface Tension 36

2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions 38

2.7 Summary and Useful Equations 44

CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS 55

3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 56

3.2 The Standard Atmosphere 60

3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid 61

3.4 Hydraulic Systems 69

3.5 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces 69

*3.6 Buoyancy and Stability 80

3.7 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion (on the Web) W-1

3.8 Summary and Useful Equations 83

CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME 96

4.1 Basic Laws for a System 98

4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation 100

4.3 Conservation of Mass 104

4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume 110

4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration 128

4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration (on the Web) W-6

*4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle 135

4.8 The First Law of Thermodynamics 139

4.9 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 146

4.10 Summary and Useful Equations 147

CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION 171

5.1 Conservation of Mass 172

*5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow 180

5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 184

5.4 Momentum Equation 197

*5.5 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 208

5.6 Summary and Useful Equations 224

CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW 235

6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler's Equation 237

6.2 Euler's Equations in Streamline Coordinates 238

6.3 Bernoulli Equation—Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow 241

6.4 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation 253

6.5 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line 257

*6.6 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline (on the Web) W-16

*6.7 Irrotational Flow 259

6.8 Summary and Useful Equations 276

CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 290

7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations 292

7.2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis 294

7.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem 296

7.4 Determining the

Π Groups 297

7.5 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 303

7.6 Flow Similarity and Model Studies 305

7.7 Summary and Useful Equations 318

CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 328

8.1 Introduction 330

PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW 332

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates 332

8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe 344

PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS 348

8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 349

8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 351

8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow 353

8.7 Calculation of Head Loss 357

8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems 369

PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT 387

8.9 Direct Methods 387

8.10 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows 387

8.11 Linear Flow Meters 397

8.12 Traversing Methods 399

8.13 Summary and Useful Equations 400

CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 421

PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS 423

9.1 The Boundary-Layer Concept 423

9.2 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses 425

9.3 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (on the Web) W-19

9.4 Momentum Integral Equation 428

9.5 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 433

9.6 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow 442

PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES 445

9.7 Drag 445

9.8 Lift 459

9.9 Summary and Useful Equations 474

CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY 492

10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines 494

10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis 499

10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers 510

10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps 548

10.5 Hydraulic Turbines 552

10.6 Propellers and Wind-Power Machines 562

10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 581

10.8 Summary and Useful Equations 586

CHAPTER 11 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 600

11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 603

11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows 610

11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow) 619

11.4 The Hydraulic Jump 625

11.5 Steady Uniform Flow 631

11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth 641

11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs 646

11.8 Summary and Useful Equations 650

CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 657

12.1 Review of Thermodynamics 659

12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves 665

12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties 673

12.4 Critical Conditions 681

12.5 Summary and Useful Equations 681

CHAPTER 13 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 689

13.1 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 691

13.2 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation 694

13.3 Normal Shocks 715

13.4 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks 724

13.5 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction 727

13.6 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange 740

13.7 Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves 750

13.8 Summary and Useful Equations 768

References 771

Problems 772

APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA 785

APPENDIX B EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 798

APPENDIX C VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS 800

APPENDIX D SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS 803

APPENDIX E FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 818

APPENDIX F ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY 829

APPENDIX G SI UNITS, PREFIXES, AND CONVERSION FACTORS 836

APPENDIX H A BRIEF REVIEW OF MICROSOFT EXCEL (ON THE WEB) W-33

Answers to Selected Problems 838

Index 867