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More About This Title Foundations and Change in Early Childhood Education
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Enrichment Activities - can be used either as in class or as out of class projects
For Further Reading and Professional Development Resources - provide resources for learning more about a particular topic
Self-Assessment - designed to help you assess students' learning from the chapter
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Martha Dever is a Professor of Early Childhood Education at Utah State University.
Renee C. Falconer is the author of Foundations and Change in Early Childhood Education, published by Wiley.
English
Part 1: Evolution of Early Childhood Education
1 View of Childhood: Past and Present 1
Ancient View of Childhood 2
Ancient Native American View of Childhood 3
Ancient Greek View of Childhood 4
Ancient Roman View of Childhood 4
Children as Miniature Adults 5
Child Guidance 6
Reformation Era (1400–1600) 6
Children as Sinful 6
African-American and Native American Children 6
Child Guidance 7
Native Americans 7
European Americans 8
Children as Blank Slates 8
Children as Children 8
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 8
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi 9
Children as Children Continues 10
Native American Children 11
Child Guidance 11
African-American Children 11
Standardization of Childhood 11
Native American Children 12
Children with Disabilities 12
Child Guidance 12
Modern Views of Childhood 13
The Sensual Child 13
The Malleable Child 13
The Hurried Child 13
Child Guidance 14
Behavior Modification 15
Democratic Behavior Guidance 15
Children Today 16
Miniature Adults 16
Readiness 16
Child-Centered Learning Environments 16
Children as Our Future 16
Summary 17
Enrichment Activities 17
Self-Assessment 18
For Further Reading 18
References 19
2 History of Social, Political, and Philosophical Trends 21
Precolonial Times 22
Native Americans 22
European Influence 22
Colonial Era 24
Social-Political Environment 24
Early Childhood Education 25
Dame Schools 25
Latin Grammar Schools 25
Industrial Era 25
Social, Political Environment 25
Common Schools 26
Origin of the Testing Movement 27
Educating African-Americans 28
Educating Native Americans 28
Early Childhood Education 28
Origin of Kindergarten 28
Progressive Movement 30
Social, Political Environment 30
The Testing Movement 31
Educational Theories 31
Progressive Educators 31
Early Childhood Programs 32
Schooling for Children of Color 32
Schooling for Children with Disabilities 33
Nursery Schools 33
Bank Street 33
Kindergarten 33
Montessori Education 34
The Child Study Movement 34
Social, Political Environment 34
The Testing Movement 35
Early Childhood Theories 35
Constructivism 35
Behaviorism 37
Self-Actualization Theory 38
Maturationism 38
Early Childhood Programs 39
Children with Disabilities 39
Waldorf Schools 39
Post World War II and the Great Society 39
Social, Political Environment 39
The Great Society 40
Early Childhood Theories 41
Behaviorism 42
Psychosocial Theory 42
Early Childhood Programs 42
Reggio Emilia 42
High/Scope 44
Head Start 44
Children with Disabilities 44
Accountability Movement 45
Social, Political Environment 45
The Testing Movement 45
Early Childhood Programs 46
Open Education 46
Electronic Age 47
Social, Political Environment 47
The Testing Movement 47
Early Childhood Theories 48
Early Childhood Programs 49
Summary 49
Enrichment Activities 50
For Further Reading 51
Professional Development Resources 51
Self-Assessment 51
References 51
3 Governance of Early Care and Education: Past and Present 53
Oversight for Early Care and Education 54
Administrative Reform 54
Scientific Management 55
Nursery Schools 55
Governance of Early Care and Education Today 55
Critique of Centralized Governance 56
Federal Policies Affecting Early Childhood Education 57
Postwar Years 57
Children with Disabilities 58
The Era of the Great Society 59
The Era of Accountability 59
Entering the Twenty-First Century 59
The History of Bilingual Education 61
The Relationship of Church and State 62
Colonial Era 62
Industrial Era 63
History of Roman Catholic Schools 64
The Progressive Era 64
The Twentieth Century 65
Separation of Church and State Today 66
Summary 67
Enrichment Activities 67
For Further Reading 67
Professional Development Resources 68
Self-Assessment 68
References 68
Part 2: Early Childhood
4 The Role of Early Childhood
Educators in Children’s Lives 69
Preparing to Be an Early Childhood Educator 70
Child Care and Pre-K Programs 70
Grades K–3 70
Professional Development 71
Philosophies of Learning 72
Brain-Based Development 73
Multiple Intelligences 74
Constructivism 76
Behaviorism 76
Maturation 77
Appropriate Practices 78
Developmentally Appropriate Practice 78
Culturally Relevant Practice 79
The Value of Play 79
Play and Social–Emotional Development 81
Play and Cognitive Development 82
Your Role in Supporting Children’s Play 82
Support from Outside the Play 82
Support from Inside the Play 83
Curriculum Development 83
Infants and Toddlers 84
Children Ages 3–8 84
Integrated Curriculum 84
Advocacy 87
Summary 88
Enrichment Activities 88
For Further Reading 89
Professional Development Resources 89
Self-Assessment 90
References 90
5 Infants and Toddlers 91
Developmental Characteristics of Infants and Toddlers 92
Language Development 92
Theories of Language Acquisition 92
Stages of Language Development 96
Reading to Infants and Toddlers 97
Language Is Cultural 98
Delayed Language Development 98
Cognitive Development 99
Egocentrism 100
Reasoning 100
Physical Development 100
Social–Emotional Development 101
Impulse Control 101
Attachment 101
Temperament 102
Play 103
Supporting Infant and Toddler Play 103
Programs for Infants and Toddlers 104
Child Care 104
Reggio Emilia 105
Early Head Start 106
Montessori 106
Creating an Antibias Environment 107
Summary 109
Enrichment Activities 109
For Further Reading 110
Professional Development Resources 110
Self-Assessment 110
References 111
6 Preschool and Kindergarten 113
Developmentally and Culturally Appropriate Programs for Three- to Five-Year-Olds 114
Language Development 114
Cognitive Development 116
Social–Emotional Development 117
Physical Development 118
Programs for Three- to Five-Year-Olds 118
Head Start 119
High/Scope 121
Bank Street 123
Reggio Emilia 123
Waldorf 124
Montessori 125
Teaching Antibias Attitudes 127
Child Care 128
Types of Child Care 128
Center Based Child Care 128
Employer Sponsored Care 129
Home Child Care 129
Church or Temple Care Centers 129
Nannies 129
Quality in Child Care 129
Funding Quality Care 130
Kindergarten 130
Readiness 131
Retention and Academic Redshirting 132
Benefits Cannot Be Consistently
Substantiated 132
Sociocultural Issues 132
Developmental Kindergartens and Transitional First Grade 133
Entrance Age 133
An Alternative 133
Half-Day/Full-Day Kindergarten 134
Kindergarten Curriculum 134
Summary 135
Enrichment Activities 136
For Further Reading 137
Professional Development Resources 137
Self-Assessment 137
References 138
7 Early Childhood: The Primary Grades 139
Developmental Considerations for Primary Grade Children 140
Language and Literacy Development 140
Cognitive Development 140
Physical Development 143
Social–Emotional Development 144
Antibias Classrooms in the Primary Grades 144
Literacy Learning 144
Antibias Instructional Strategies 146
Integrating Content about Diversity into the Curriculum 147
Curriculum and Effective Teaching in the Primary Grades 150
Child-Centered Environment 151
Explicit Instruction 151
Direct Instruction 151
Balanced Literacy 151
National Reading Panel Report 153
Extension of Programs for 3- to 5-Year-Olds into Primary Grades 153
Play in the Primary Grades 153
Before and After School Programs 154
Classroom and Calendar Configurations in Primary Grades 154
Multiage Grouping 154
Looping 155
Homeschooling 155
Year-round and Traditional Schools 156
Educating Homeless Children 157
Summary 158
Enrichment Activities 158
For Further Reading 159
Professional Development Resources 159
Self-Assessment 159
References 160
Part 3: Guiding and Assessing Young Children
8 Guiding Children’s Behavior in Early Childhood Settings 161
Encouraging Environments 162
Infants 162
Toddlers 162
Preschoolers and Kindergarteners 163
Primary Grade Children 166
Managing Environments and Guiding Behavior 168
General Considerations for Guiding Behavior 169
Choices 169
Praise 169
Punishment 170
Developmentally Appropriate Guidance Strategies 170
Infants 170
Toddlers 171
Preschoolers and Kindergarteners 173
Primary Grade Children 175
Children with Special Needs 177
Cultural Considerations 178
Individualism vs. Collectivism 179
Understanding Roles 180
Supporting Nonviolent Behavior 181
Bullying 183
Summary 184
Enrichment Activities 184
For Further Reading 185
Self-Assessment 185
References 186
9 Assessing the Child in Early Childhood Settings 187
Types of Assessment in Early Childhood Settings 188
Observation 188
Anecdotal Records and Field Notes 189
Audio/Video and Photographic Recordings 190
Checklists 191
Portfolios 191
Reflection 192
Purposes 193
Age Appropriate Portfolios 193
Home Visits 194
The Work Sampling System 194
Standardized Tests 195
Linking Assessment and Curriculum 195
Assessment Issues 196
Align Assessment with the Nature of the Child 196
Infants and Toddlers 197
Preschool, Kindergarten, and Primary Grade Children 197
Standardized Testing in Early Childhood Settings 197
Developmental Considerations 197
Inappropriate Labels 198
High-Stakes Testing 198
Cultural Issues in Assessment 199
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children 200
Barriers to Accurate Assessment 200
Culturally Appropriate Assessment 201
Assessing Children and Programs 202
Summary 203
Enrichment Activities 204
For Further Reading 205
Self-Assessment 205
References 205
10 Children Who Are Linguistically Diverse 207
The Challenge 208
The Controversy 208
Linguistic Differences 210
Dialects 210
Dialect Errors: Points to Consider 210
Black English 211
Role of the Early Childhood Educator 211
Accents 212
Sign Language 212
Speakers of Languages Other than English 213
Bilingual Education 213
English as a Second Language 214
Nonverbal Communication 215
Acquiring a Second Language 215
Theories of Second Language Acquisition 215
Language Acquisition Stages 216
Factors Affecting Second Language
Acquisition: Social, Emotional, and Cognitive 220
Loss of the First Language 222
Summary 223
Enrichment Activities 224
For Further Reading 224
Professional Development Resource 224
Self-Assessment 225
References 225
Part 4: Supporting and Advocating for Young Children in the Twenty-first Century
11 Children with Special Needs 227
Causes of Exceptionalities 228
Genetic 229
Prenatal Conditions 229
Birth and Postbirth Complications 229
Exceptionalities and the Role of Early Childhood Educators 229
Assessment of Exceptionalities 230
Labeling 231
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 231
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 232
Autism 232
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 233
Behavior Disorders 233
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 233
Developmental Delays 233
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 234
Down Syndrome 234
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 234
Gifted 235
Role of Early Childhood Educators 235
Language and Hearing Disabilities 236
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 236
Learning Disabilities 237
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 238
Physical Disabilities 238
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 238
Visual Disabilities 239
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 239
Early Childhood Environments for Children with Disabilities 239
Inclusion 239
Infants and Toddlers 240
Preschool and Kindergarten 240
Primary Grades 241
Early Intervention and Early Childhood Special Education 242
Abuse and Neglect 242
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 243
Provide Quality Care and Education 243
Develop Reciprocal Relationships with Families 243
Recognize When Children Are at Risk 243
Understand and Assist Families 244
Build on Strengths 244
Be Informed 244
Antibias Environments for Children with Special Needs 244
Teaching about Differences 245
Summary 246
Enrichment Activities 246
For Further Reading 247
Professional Development Resources 247
Self-Assessment 248
References 248
12 The Impact of Environments and Technology on Young Children 249
Indoor Environments 250
Child-Centeredness 250
Scheduling Considerations 252
Room Arrangements 254
Infants and Toddlers 254
Preschool and Kindergarten 255
Primary Grades 257
Inclusive Environments 259
Outdoor Environments 259
Gross Motor Activity 260
Creative Play 260
Appreciation of Nature 260
The Social Environment 260
Teaching for Social Justice 261
Teach Questioning 262
Perspective Taking 262
Rethinking Curriculum 263
Take Action 264
Inequity in School Funding 264
Quality Schools for All 267
The Role of Technology in Early Childhood Environments 268
NAEYC Position on Technology and Young Children 268
Media Violence 269
Technology and Parenting 270
Antibias Technology Environments 271
Equitable Access 271
Assistive Technology 271
Summary 271
Enrichment Activities 272
For Further Reading 273
Professional Development Resources 273
Self-Assessment 273
References 274
13 Children and Their Families 275
Diverse Family Beliefs,Attitudes, and Practices 276
Stages of Cultural Identity 276
Cultural Progression in Our Diverse Nation 277
European American Families 277
African-American Families 278
Asian-American Families 279
Biracial Multiethnic Families 280
Gay and Lesbian Families 280
Hispanic American Families 280
Jewish American Families 281
Native American Families 282
Parents with Disabilities 283
Children of Divorce and Blended Families 283
Families Living in Poverty 284
Poverty and Resources 284
Poverty and Language 285
The Role of Early Childhood Educators 285
Involving Parents from Diverse Populations 286
Types of Parental Involvement 287
Barriers to Parent Involvement 288
Antibias Environment 289
Family Literacy 290
Using Community Resources 290
Family Friendliness 291
Resources 292
Invited Guests 293
Summary 293
Enrichment Activities 293
For Further Reading 294
Professional Development Resources 295
Self-Assessment 295
References 296
14 Issues and Advocacy in Early Childhood in the Twenty-first Century 297
View of the Child 298
Sociopolitical Influences 299
Poverty 299
Health and Well-being 300
Commerce, Industry, and Business 303
Metaphor of the Market for Schooling 303
High-Stakes Testing 305
Diversity 306
Teaching in a Diverse Society 306
Advocacy 308
Professional Development 309
Curriculum 310
Summary 311
Enrichment Activities 311
Self-Assessment 312
For Further Reading 312
Professional Development Resources 313
References 313
Index 314
