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More About This Title Aging and Older Adulthood, Third Edition
English
The third edition of this essential text has been updated and expanded with new material that reflects the most recent developments in the field, and explores our current understanding of a broad range of topics related to aging and older adulthood.
- Fresh edition includes updated content such as revised case histories and reworked material on key concepts and research applications
- Retains the winning format of the second edition, with chapter contents framed by individual histories
- Dual models add cohesiveness to the presentation of theory
- Thematic structure facilitates reader comprehension
- Instructor resources provided online upon publication at www.wiley.com/go/erber
English
JOAN T. ERBER is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Florida International University, where she was a recipient of a State University System Professorial Excellence Program (PEP) Award. She has extensive experience teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in adult development and aging. Her research focuses on aging and memory and how stereotypes infl uence our perceptions of older adults. Her research has been published in journals such as Psychology and Aging, Journal of Gerontology:Psychological Sciences, and Experimental Aging Research. Dr Erber is a Fellow of the Gerontological Society of America (GSA), the Association for Psychological Science (APS), and the American Psychological Association (APA). She is a past president of the APA's Division 20 (Adult Development and Aging). Her books include Aging and Older Adulthood, Second Edition,(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) and Agingand Older Adulthood(Wadsworth/Cengage, 2005).
English
Credits and Sources xix
Figures xix
Tables xxi
Integrated Themes in Aging and Older Adulthood xxiii
Integrated Examples of the Diversity Theme xxiii
Integrated Examples of the Environmental Influences on Aging Theme xxvi
Integrated Examples of the Applications to Everyday Life Theme xxix
Preface and Acknowledgments xxxiii
1 Introduction to Aging and Older Adulthood 1
The Study of Aging and Older Adulthood 3
History of the Scientific Study of Aging 3
Geriatrics and Gerontology 5
Why Was the Study of Aging Neglected? 5
Reasons for Studying Aging and Older Adulthood 6
Defining Age and Older Adulthood 7
Definitions of Age 8
What Is Older Adulthood? 10
Demographic Profile of Older Americans 14
Global Considerations and Demographic Transition 14
Number and Proportion of Older Adults 15
A Snapshot of the Older Population 18
Developmental Influences and Issues 23
Influences on Development 23
Issues in the Study of Aging 26
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 1.1: A NEW OUTLOOK ON OLD AGE 27
Theoretical Models 28
The Selective Optimization with Compensation Model of Aging 28
The Ecological Model of Aging 29
Questions to Consider 30
Key Points 31
Key Terms 32
2 Theory and Method in Studying Aging and Older Adulthood 33
Metatheoretical Approaches to the Study of Aging 35
The Mechanistic Metamodel 35
The Organismic Metamodel 36
The Contextual Metamodel 36
The Life-Span Developmental Perspective 37
Developmental Research 37
The Age Variable 38
Factors in Aging Research 39
Research Design 41
Measurement 46
Reliability 47
Validity 47
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 2.1: FOCUS ON MEASUREMENT 48
Sampling 49
Approaches to Conducting Aging Research 51
The Experimental Approach 51
The Quasi-Experimental Approach 52
Multifactor Designs 53
The Descriptive Approach 55
Ethics in Research on Human Aging 56
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 58
Questions to Consider 59
Key Points 59
Key Terms 60
3 Biological Aging and Health 61
The Meaning of Longevity 63
Life Expectancy 63
Life Span 65
The Biological Aging Process 68
Primary and Secondary Aging 68
Programmed Theories of Biological Aging 69
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 3.1: LONGEVITY: GENETIC MUTATIONS AND HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE 70
Stochastic Theories of Biological Aging 71
Caloric Restriction and Longevity 73
Individual Differences in Longevity 74
Nature and Nurture 75
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 3.2: GENDER CROSSOVER IN LATE OLDER ADULTHOOD 75
Can Social Scientists Predict Longevity? 79
Maximizing Longevity 81
Physical Changes and Disease 82
Body Systems 82
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 3.3: AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN, SELF-RELIANCE, AND HEALTH 85
Leading Causes of Mortality 94
Everyday Functioning and Health Care 95
Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living 95
Medication 96
Health Insurance 96
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 97
Questions to Consider 98
Key Points 98
Key Terms 99
4 Sensation, Perception, and Attention 100
Sensory Processes 102
Threshold and Sensitivity 102
Absolute Threshold 103
Signal Detection 103
Speed of Response 104
Reaction Time 104
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 4.1: REACTION TIME AND DRIVING 105
Age–Complexity Hypothesis 106
Stimulus Persistence Theory 106
Moderating Age-Related Slowing 107
The Senses: A Closer Look 108
Smell and Taste 108
Touch, Proprioception, and Pain 108
Vision 110
Hearing 113
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 4.2: TECHNOLOGY USE AMONG OLDER ADULTS 114
Attention 121
Theoretical Models 121
Attention Tasks 124
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 4.1: CELL PHONES AND STREET CROSSING 125
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 129
Questions to Consider 130
Key Points 130
Key Terms 131
5 Memory 132
The Developmental Study of Memory and Age 134
Concerns About Memory and Aging 134
The Information Processing Model 134
The Sensory Store 135
The Short-Term Store 135
The Long-Term Store 137
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 5.1: FALSE MEMORY 140
Noncontent Attributes of Episodic Memory 140
Stages of Processing in Episodic Memory 142
Remote Memory 146
Factual Information 146
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 5.1: THE REMINISCENCE BUMP 147
Autobiographical Information 147
Memory in Everyday Life 147
Prospective Memory 148
Implicit Memory 149
Memory Training 150
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 5.2: MEMORY CUES AND SHOPPING 152
Discourse Memory 152
Knowledge and Beliefs About Memory 154
Metamemory 154
Memory Self-Efficacy 155
Memory Self-Evaluation 156
Stereotypes About Memory and Aging 157
Attributions for Memory Failure 159
Individual Diff erences Among Older Adults 159
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 5.3: AEROBIC EXERCISE, HIPPOCAMPAL BRAIN VOLUME, AND SPATIAL MEMORY 160
Education and Lifestyle 160
Health 161
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 162
Questions to Consider 162
Key Points 163
Key Terms 164
6 Intellectual Functioning 165
Views of Intelligence 167
How Many Intelligences Are There? 167
Sternberg ’ s Components of Intelligence 167
Intelligence and the Aging Process 168
The Psychometric Approach to Intelligence 170
Brief History of the Test Movement 170
Psychometric Tests and Aging Research 171
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 174
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 6.1: THE FLYNN EFFECT 175
Cultural Diversity 175
Does Intelligence Decline with Age? 176
Positive and Negative Cohort Trends 178
The Classic Aging Pattern 179
The Life-Span Developmental Perspective 180
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 6.1: THE DEDIFFERENTIATION HYPOTHESIS 180
Maximizing Intellectual Functioning in Older Adulthood 181
Testing the Limits 181
Intervention 181
Compensation 182
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 6.2: THE ACTIVE PROJECT 182
Unexercised Versus Optimally Exercised Abilities 183
Individual Diff erences Among Older Adult Test Takers 183
Factors Related to Maintenance of Intellectual Functioning 183
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 6.2: COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND NEUROBIOLOGY: THE ROLE OF WHITE MATTER HYPERINTENSITIES (WMH) 184
Mental Activity and Intellectual Functioning 185
Everyday Intelligence and Competence 188
Psychometric Tests and Ecological Validity 188
Conceptions of Intelligence Across the Adult Life Span 189
Cognitive Competence and Psychometric Scores 190
Encapsulation 191
Competence in Daily Life 191
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 195
Questions to Consider 196
Key Points 196
Key Terms 198
7 Cognition and Problem Solving in the Everyday World 199
Stages of Cognitive Development 201
Schaie ’ s Stage Model of Cognitive/Intellectual Development 201
Biographical Sketch Box 7.1: Author Harry Bernstein 203
Postformal Thought 204
Wisdom 205
What Is Wisdom? 205
Age and Wisdom 208
Real-World Intelligence and Problem Solving 210
Practical Intelligence 210
Creative Intelligence 211
Solving Interpersonal Problems 214
Decision Making 214
Decision Making in a Health Context 215
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 7.1: FRAMING EFFECTS IN MEDICAL DECISIONS 218
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 7.2: YOUNG AND OLDER ADULTS’ PREFERENCE FOR CHOICE 219
Decision Making in a Consumer Context 220
Decision Making in a Legal Context 221
Social Cognition 222
Impression Formation 222
Causal Attributions 223
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 7.1: TRAIT DIAGNOSTICITY 224
Moral Reasoning 226
Collaboration in Reasoning and Problem Solving 228
Emotion and Cognition 229
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 231
Questions to Consider 232
Key Points 232
Key Terms 233
8 Personality and Coping 234
Studying Personality in Aging and Older Adulthood 236
Approaches to Investigating Personality 236
Personality Over the Adult Years 236
How Is Personality Measured? 237
Self-Report Questionnaires 237
Projective Techniques 238
Behavioral Observation 238
Normative Models of Personality 239
Stage Models 239
Personality Dimensions and Traits 245
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 8.1: PERSONALITY TRAITS AND SURVIVAL 247
Lay Views of Personality 249
Individual Differences in Coping and Adjustment 253
Self-Concept 253
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 8.2: AGE AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING 254
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 8.1: POSSIBLE SELVES AND DAILY ACTIVITIES 257
Personal Control 258
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 262
Questions to Consider 263
Key Points 263
Key Terms 264
9 Social Interaction and Social Ties 265
Social Interaction in Older Adulthood 267
Activity Theory and Disengagement Theory 267
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory 268
Social Exchange Theory 269
Positive and Negative Aspects of Social Relationships 272
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 9.1: EMOTIONAL INTENSITY AND INTERPERSONAL EXCHANGES 272
Social Ties in Older Adulthood 273
Social Convoys, Social Networks, and Reciprocity 273
Family Relationships 276
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 9.1: COHABITATION AMONG OLDER COUPLES 280
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 9.2: INTERGENERATIONAL AMBIVALENCE 282
Nonfamilial Relationships 290
Elder Abuse and Neglect 292
Abuse in Domestic Settings 293
Abuse in Institutional Settings 295
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 295
Questions to Consider 296
Key Points 296
Key Terms 297
10 Employment, Retirement, and Living Arrangements 298
Employment 300
The Older Worker 300
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 10.1: OLDER WORKERS AND JOB STRAIN 302
Job Performance 302
Evaluating Older Employees 305
Age Discrimination in Employment 305
Retirement 307
What Is Retirement? 308
Eff ects of Retirement 309
Economics of Retirement 310
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 10.2: COUPLES AND RETIREMENT 310
Retirement as a Process 314
Life After Retirement 316
Living Arrangements 319
Stages in Long-Distance Migration 319
Aging in Place 320
Age-Segregated Living Arrangements 321
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 10.1: OLDER ADULTS’ EXPECTATIONS FOR LATE-LIFE MOVES 322
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 10.2: INNOVATIVE MODELS FOR LONG-TERM CARE 326
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 327
Questions to Consider 327
Key Points 328
Key Terms 328
11 Mental Health, Psychopathology, and Therapy 329
Mental Health in the Older Adult Population 331
Rate of Mental Disorders Among Older Adults 331
Older Adults and Mental Health Services 332
Psychopathology 333
Depression 333
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.1: SUICIDE AND THE GENDER PARADOX 339
Anxiety Disorders 339
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.2: GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION 340
Hypochondriasis 340
Paranoid Disorders 341
Alcoholism 342
Delirium 344
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 11.1: THE SUNDOWN SYNDROME 344
Dementia 345
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.3: DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES (DLB) 347
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 11.4: COGNITIVE RESERVE AND DEMENTIA 350
Therapeutic Interventions With Older Adults 353
Environmental Design and Sensory Retraining 353
Behavioral Interventions 354
Reality Orientation and Reminiscence Therapy 355
Pet Therapy 356
Individual Psychotherapy 357
Family Issues 357
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 358
Questions to Consider 359
Key Points 359
Key Terms 360
12 Coping with Death, Dying, and Bereavement 361
Death and Dying 363
The Dying Trajectory 364
End-of-Life Decisions 365
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 12.1: DESIRED LENGTH OF LIFE AND END-OF-LIFE DESIRES 367
Anxiety About Death 368
Stages of Death and Dying 369
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 12.1: COPING WITH THOUGHTS OF DEATH 370
Care of the Dying Patient 371
APPLYING RESEARCH BOX 12.2: PHYSICIAN ASSISTED SUICIDE (PAS) 372
Bereavement and Loss 374
Attitudes Toward Death 374
Loss of a Spouse 375
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 12.2: WIDOWERS AND BEREAVEMENT 379
Loss of Other Meaningful Relationships 379
Revisiting the Selective Optimization with Compensation and Ecological Models 381
Questions to Consider 381
Key Points 381
Key Terms 382
13 Looking Ahead: Aging in the Future 383
Aging in the Future 385
The Third Age 385
The Fourth Age 388
Positive Aging 391
UNDERSTANDING AGING BOX 13.1: ADVICE FOR POSITIVE AGING 391
Questions to Consider 393
Key Points 393
Key Terms 393
Glossary 394
References 408
Index 442
English
"Aging and Older Adulthood also includes a helpful glossary and bibliography. For anyone working with the older population this title contains a wealth of information and factors to take account of and I would recommend it as a resource.” (Inclusion News, 1 January 2013)
