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More About This Title Landscape Architecture Research: Inquiry/Strategy/Design
English
As the scope of landscape architecture expands to engage with other disciplines, and streams of information directing this field continue to grow and diversify, it becomes increasingly important for landscape architects to be able to implement a range of effective research strategies when seeking, creating, and validating knowledge. Landscape Architecture Research offers a framework for advancing better design thinking solutions by supplying readers with a system of inquiry tactics that open up a wider range of research possibilities. With a logical and innovative approach that favors legitimacy of knowledge based on collective, grounded practices, rather than strict adherence to protocols drawn only from scientific models, this comprehensive, illustrated guide produces a sound argument for establishing a new paradigm for legitimizing research quality. Landscape Architecture Research presents:
Case studies that show how the range of presented research strategies have been successfully used in practice
New perspective on the relationship between theory, research, practice, and critique, a relationship that is specific to landscape architecture
Detailed coverage of the ways that new knowledge is produced through research activities and practical innovations in landscape architecture
The first and only book on this topic of growing importance in landscape architecture, Landscape Architecture Research keeps professionals and students in step with the latest developments in landscape architecture, and delivers a dynamic and flexible game plan for verifying the integrity of their work.
English
Simon R. Swaffield, PhD, FNZILA, is Professor of Landscape Architecture at Lincoln University in Canterbury, New Zealand. In 2007, he received the Outstanding Research and Communication Award from CELA. He is founding editor of Landscape Review and frequently authors and edits journal articles.
English
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Knowledge in Landscape Architecture 1
1.2 The Need for a Guide 2
1.3 The Gatekeeping Dilemma in Context 4
1.4 Mapping the Terrain 7
1.5 Building a Research-Based Discipline 13
References 15
Chapter 2 Knowing Landscape Architecture 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 The Nature of Professional Disciplines 17
2.3 Domains of Knowledge in Landscape Architecture 20
2.4 Research Needs 26
References 29
Chapter 3 Theory/Research/Scholarship/Critique 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Competing Ideals of Theory 31
3.3 Representing Theory 34
3.4 Theoretical Conversations 35
3.5 Research and Scholarship 37
3.6 Studio Design as a Research Setting 40
3.7 Theory and Critique 42
3.8 Conclusion 43
References 44
Chapter 4 Integrating Design and Research 48
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 Problems and Purpose 48
4.3 Framing a Research Question 52
4.4 Degrees of Research 53
4.5 Assessing Research Quality 56
4.6 A Developmental Heuristic 58
References 63
Chapter 5 Descriptive Strategies 65
5.1 Introduction 65
5.2 Observation 66
5.3 Secondary Description 71
5.4 Descriptive Social Surveys 72
5.5 Complex Description 77
5.6 Descriptive Case Studies 79
Descriptive Strategies: Summary 85
References 85
Chapter 6 Modeling and Correlational Strategies 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Descriptive/Synthetic Models 89
6.3 Analytical Models and Correlation 90
6.4 Simple Correlation 93
6.5 Multiple Correlations 96
6.6 Spatial Correlations 98
6.7 Predictive Modeling 101
6.8 Dynamic Simulation Modeling 103
Modeling Strategies: Summary 110
References 112
Chapter 7 Experimental Strategies 114
7.1 Introduction 114
7.2 Classic Experiments 116
7.3 Field Experiments 119
7.4 Quasi Experiments 119
7.5 The Metaphor of Experimentation 122
Experimental Strategies: Summary 124
References 124
Chapter 8 Classification Schemes 126
8.1 Introduction 126
8.2 Collection/Inventory/Catalogue 128
8.3 Typology 133
8.4 Taxonomy 136
8.5 Index 140
8.6 Bibliography and Literature Review 144
Classification Strategies: Summary 149
References 149
Chapter 9 Interpretive Strategies 152
9.1 Introduction 152
9.2 Ethnography 153
9.3 Discourse Analysis 161
9.4 Iconology and Iconography 164
9.5 Historiography 165
Interpretive Strategies: Summary 169
References 172
Chapter 10 Evaluation and Diagnosis 174
10.1 Introduction 174
10.2 Parameters, Norms, and Rubrics 175
10.3 Design Evaluation 179
10.4 Diagnostics 181
10.5 Landscape Assessment 184
Evaluation and Diagnosis Strategies: Summary 187
References 190
Chapter 11 Engaged Action Research 192
11.1 Introduction 192
11.2 Action Dimensions in Pedagogical Research 194
11.3 Participatory Design in Service Learning 197
11.4 Participatory Action Research (PAR) 200
11.5 Transdisciplinary Action Research (TDAR) 202
Engaged Action Research Strategies: Summary 203
References 204
Chapter 12 Projective Design 205
12.1 Design as Research 205
12.2 Design Operations 209
12.3 Design Interpretations 215
12.4 Design Reflections 217
Projective Design Strategies: Summary 221
References 221
Chapter 13 Logical Systems (Axioms, Rules, and Argumentation) 223
13.1 Introduction 223
13.2 Logical Relationships 224
13.3 Synthetic Logic 227
13.4 Expanded Field Analysis 228
13.5 Spatial Syntax as Logical System 229
13.6 Pattern Language 231
Logical Systems: Summary 234
References 235
Chapter 14 Research and Practice 237
14.1 Introduction 237
14.2 Integrating Research Strategies into Practice—Evidence-Based Design 239
14.3 Integrating Research into Practice—Polemical Transformation 240
14.4 Integrating Knowledge into Practice—Grassroots Movements 241
14.5 Organizing Practice-Based Research 242
14.6 Reprise 246
References 247
Index 249
