Title Details

Janine Selendy is Founder, Chairman and President of HORIZON International, a non-profit organization based at Yale University, which addresses health, anvironment and disease issues worldwide. She also serves as principal editor and publisher of Horizon's web-based Solutions Site. She is executive producer of more than 20 television documentaries, many of which have won awards and have been broadcast in many countries. She is also a Research Affiliate in the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University. Her background in medical, scientific, environmental and other areas provides her with an appreciation of the interconnectedness of many subjects.

Preface ix

Contributors xi

Introduction xv
Janine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aargaard-Hansen

Section I Defining The Problem 1

1 Tackling the Water Crisis: A Continuing Need to Address Spatial and Social Equity 3
Jay Graham

2 Sanitation and Hygiene: Taking Stock After Three Decades 17
Jay Graham

3 Water and Health: The Demographic Background 29
Robert Wyman

4 Water and War: Averting Armed Conflict and Protecting Human Rights 41
Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel

Section II Water And Sanitation-Related Diseases 45

5 Infectious Diarrhea 47
Sean Fitzwater, Aruna Chandran, Margaret Kosek, and Mathuram Santosham

6 Malnutrition and Undernutrition 71
Jeffrey K. Griffiths

7 Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 81
Brian G. Blackburn and Michele Barry

8 Toxic Cyanobacteria 95
Ian Stewart, Wayne W. Carmichael, and Lorraine C. Backer

9 Dengue: A Water-Borne Disease 111
Scott B. Halstead

10 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort to Eradicate Guinea Worm 125
Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben

11 Onchocerciasis 133
Adrian Hopkins and Boakye A. Boatin

12 Reassessing Multiple-Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past: Lessons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 151
Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro

13 Schistosomiasis 167
Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard-Hansen

14 Trachoma 175
Joseph A. Cook and Silvio P. Mariotti

15 Shigellosis 187
Michael L. Bennish and M. John Albert

16 The Zimbabwe Cholera Epidemic of 2008–2009 205
Edward Dodge

17 Infectious Disease Control in Ghana: Government’s Interventions and Challenges to Malaria Eradication 211
Julius N. Fobil, Juergen May, and Alexander Kraemer

Section III Water Resources 217

18 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low-Income Countries 219
Thomas F. Clasen

19 Informal Small-Scale Water Services in Developing Countries: The Business of Water for Those without Formal Municipal Connections 231
Laura Sima and Menachem Elimelech

Section IV Sanitation and Hygiene 241

20 The Sanitation Challenge in India 243
Bindeshwar Pathak

21 Successful Sanitation Projects in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore 251
Jay P. Graham

22 Household-Centered Environmental Sanitation Systems 257
Bindeshwar Pathak

Section V Environmental Factors of Water Pollution 269

23 Naturally Occurring Water Pollutants 271
Lorraine C. Backer, Jonathan K. Kish, Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, and Lora E. Fleming

24 Anthropogenic Sources of Water Pollution: Parts 1 and 2 289
Kerry L. Shannon, Robert S. Lawrence, and M. Danielle McDonald

25 The Hudson River: A Case Study of PCB Contamination 303
David O. Carpenter and Gretchen Welfinger-Smith

26 Other Water Pollutants: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 329
Amy R. Sapkota

Section VI Current and Future Trends in Preventing Water Pollution 337

27 Controlling Water Pollutants 339
Jeffery A. Foran

28 Global Substitution of Mercury-Based Medical Devices in the Health Sector 351
Joshua Karliner and Peter Orris

29 Addressing Sources of PCBs and Other Chemical Pollutants in Water 359
Gretchen Welfinger-Smith and David O. Carpenter

30 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 385
Nikhil Chandavarkar

Section VII Emerging Issues in Ecology, Environment, and Disease 389

31 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 391
Mary E. Wilson

32 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon 401
Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer

33 Ecosystem Services, Water Resource Development, and Human Infectious Disease 421
Uriel N. Safriel

34 Ocean Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts of Brominated Flame Retardants 439
Susan D. Shaw and Kurunthachalam Kannan

Section VIII Conclusion 461

35 Assessment of Progress in Meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals 463
Gretchen Loeffler Peltier, Unni Krishnan Karunakara, and Anson Elisabeth Wright

36 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Child Survival in Mexico 475
Julio Frenk and Octavio Go´mez-Dantes

37 Using Kinship Structures in Health Programming—An Example of Preventive Measures and Successful Interventions 481
Moses N. Katabarwa

Index 485

“All of them, in particular those who were used to externalize health effects from their approaches, will significantly benefit from this well documented book, that provides the reader an information-rich and structured view on the water-environmental health nexus.”  (International Journal of Environment and pollution, 1 November 2012)

“This comprehensive book advises treatment of conditions responsible for water and sanitation-related diseases . . . Few books could claim a title as broad and embracing as this one. It posits a way forward for the cornerstone for global development. It is a primer for organizations as diverse as the World Bank, the United Nations, and the U.S. Agency for International Development. However sobering, it is worth any concerned person's time.”  (Doody’s, 16 November 2012)

“…it is wonderful how much you have included and how valuable this should be to people working in so many disciplines. And I loved your DVDs---great stories and well produced.  Most of all, I think people all over the world will be able to relate to them.”
            David Ellis, Ph.D., President Emeritus, Museum of Science, Boston

“This is a truly interdisciplinary book and reflects really well the need to work across scientific boundaries, and I think shows what can be achieved through collaboration.”  (Society for General Microbiology, 15 May 2012)

"This book will promote integrated studies/research on water, sanitation-related diseases and the environment and will contribute to theoretical and practical respects of interventions and preventive measures, and therefore lead to a better life quality - for millions." (Yaqian Zhao, 2011 Centre for Water Resources Research, University College Dublin , 1 December 2011)

"Written by experts from the fields of public health, medicine, epidemiology, environmental health, climate change, environmental engineering, and population research, this authoritative volume provides a thorough understanding of the interconnection among many factors linked to water related diseases, sanitation, and hygiene." (Miss Eco Glam, 1 October 2011)

"In 2010, the United Nations recognised the human right to water and sanitation. Janine Selendy has produced a critical tool to help us take the next step forward in understanding the nature and causes of water and sanitation related diseases and in finding real solutions. The human right to water and sanitation is only as good as its implementation. This book leads the way." (Maude Barlow, Senior advisor on water to the 63rd president of the United Nations general assembly 2008-09, January 2012)