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More About This Title Measurement While Drilling (MWD) Signal Analysis,Optimization and Design
English
Trade magazines and review articles describe MWD in casual terms, e.g., positive versus negative pulsers, continuous wave systems, drilling channel noise and attenuation, in very simple terms absent of technical rigor. However, few truly scientific discussions are available on existing methods, let alone the advances necessary for high-data-rate telemetry. Without a strong foundation building on solid acoustic principles, rigorous mathematics, and of course, fast, inexpensive and efficient testing of mechanical designs, low data rates will impose unacceptable quality issues to real-time formation evaluation for years to come.
This book promises to change all of this. The lead author and M.I.T. educated scientist, Wilson Chin, and Yinao Su, Academician, Chinese Academy of Engineering, and other team members, have written the only book available that develops mud pulse telemetry from first principles, adapting sound acoustic principles to rigorous signal processing and efficient wind tunnel testing. In fact, the methods and telemetry principles developed in the book were recently adopted by one of the world’s largest industrial corporations in its mission to redefine the face of MWD.
The entire engineering history for continuous wave telemetry is covered: anecdotal stories and their fallacies, original hardware problems and their solutions, different noise mechanisms and their signal processing solutions, apparent paradoxes encountered in field tests and simple explanations to complicated questions, and so on, are discussed in complete “tell all” detail for students, research professors and professional engineers alike. These include signal processing algorithms, signal enhancement methods, and highly efficient “short” and “long wind tunnel” test methods, whose results can be dynamically re-scaled to real muds flowing at any speed. A must read for all petroleum engineering professionals!English
Wilson Chin earned his PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his MSc at the California Institute of Technology. His work in fluid mechanics, electromagnetics, formation testing, and reservoir characterization forms the basis for ten research monographs, about one hundred papers, and almost fifty domestic and international patents. Wilson’s current interests address high speed mud pulse telemetry and advanced resistivity logging concepts.
Yinao Su, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, is affiliated with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) in Beijing, where he directs its MWD program. He is an expert in control theory and leads a new research endeavor known as “Downhole Control Engineering.” Professor Su holds over thirty patents, has authored numerous books and more than two hundred papers.
Limin Sheng is Senior Technical Expert and Department Head in oil and gas drilling engineering at the CNPC Drilling Research Institute. He has more than twenty-five years of experience in research and development focusing on MWD and downhole control engineering applications, holds more than twenty patents, and has published over two dozen papers.
Lin Li is Manager of the Downhole Control Engineering Research Institute, a laboratory for downhole information transmission at CNPC in Beijing. He holds joint positions as Senior Engineer and Director, Continuous Wave MWD and Electromagnetic MWD Projects. Li is also a key contributor to CNPC’s geosteering project efforts.
Hailong Bian earned his doctorate from the University of Electronics Science and Technology in China. He works as a Postdoctoral Fellow and engineer at the CNPC Downhole Control Engineering Research Institute. He is the lead technical focal point on CNPC’s high-priority continuous wave MWD mud pulse telemetry project.
Rong Shi is an engineer with the CNPC Downhole Control Engineering Research Institute. Shi, a key technical contributor to the continuous wave telemetry project, specializes in mechanical design and data acquisition.
English
Opening Message xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
1 Stories from the Field, Fundamental Questions and Solutions 1
1.1 Mysteries, Clues and Possibilities 1
1.2 Paper No. AADE-11-NTCE-74, “High-Data-Rate Measurement-While-Drilling System for Very Deep Wells,” updated 10
1.3 References 46
2 Harmonic Analysis: Six-Segment Downhole Acoustic Waveguide 47
2.1 MWD Fundamentals 48
2.2 MWD Telemetry Concepts Re-examined 49
2.3 Downhole Wave Propagation Subtleties 58
2.4 Six-Segment Downhole Waveguide Model 62
2.5 An Example: Optimizing Pulser Signal Strength 77
2.6 Additional Engineering Conclusions 83
2.7 References 85
3 Harmonic Analysis: Elementary Pipe and Collar Models 86
3.1 Constant area drillpipe wave models 86
3.2 Variable area collar-pipe wave models 92
3.3 References 96
4 Transient Constant Area Surface and Downhole Wave Models 97
4.1 Method 4-1. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, no mud pump noise 99
4.2 Method 4-2. Upgoing wave reflection at solid boundary, single transducer deconvolution using delay equation, with mud pump noise 108
4.3 Method 4-3. Directional filtering - difference equation method requiring two transducers 112
4.4 Method 4-4. Directional filtering - differential equation method requiring two transducers 120
4.5 Method 4-5. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect solid reflector 126
4.6 Method 4-6. Downhole reflection and deconvolution at the bit, waves created by MWD dipole source, bit assumed as perfect open end or zero acoustic pressure reflector 133
4.7 References 139
5 Transient Variable Area Downhole Inverse Models 140
5.1 Method 5-1. Problems with acoustic impedance mismatch due to collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as open-end reflector 142
5.2 Method 5-2. Problems with collar-drillpipe area discontinuity, with drillbit assumed as closed end, solid drillbit reflector 150
5.3 References 152
6 Signal Processor Design and Additional Noise Models 153
6.1 Desurger Distortion 154
6.2 Downhole Drilling Noise 160
6.3 Attenuation Mechanisms 164
6.4 Drillpipe Attenuation and Mudpump Reflection 167
6.5 Applications to Negative Pulser Design in Fluid Flows and to Elastic Wave Telemetry Analysis in Drillpipe Systems 170
6.6 LMS Adaptive and Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters 172
6.7 Low Pass Butterworth, Low Pass FFT and Notch Filters 174
6.8 Typical Frequency Spectra and MWD Signal Strength Properties 175
6.9 References 176
7 Mud Siren Torque and Erosion Analysis 177
7.1 The Physical Problem 177
7.2 Mathematical Approach 183
7.3 Mud Siren Formulation 188
7.4 Typical Computed Results and Practical Applications 198
7.5 Conclusions 204
7.6 References 205
8 Downhole Turbine Design and Short Wind Tunnel Testing 206
8.1 Turbine Design Issues 206
8.2 Why Wind Tunnels Work 208
8.3 Turbine Model Development 211
8.4 Software Reference 215
8.5 Erosion and Power Evaluation 219
8.6 Simplified Testing 221
8.7 References 223
9 Siren Design and Evaluation in Mud Flow Loops and Wind Tunnels 224
9.1 Early Wind Tunnel and Modern Test Facilities 225
9.2 Short wind tunnel design 236
9.3 Intermediate Wind Tunnel for Signal Strength Measurement 248
9.4 Long Wind Tunnel for Telemetry Modeling 259
9.5 Water and Mud Flow Loop Testing 264
10 Advanced System Summary and Modern MWD Developments 273
10.1 Overall Telemetry Summary 274
10.2 MWD Signal Processing Research in China 291
10.3 MWD Sensor Developments in China 300
10.4 Turbines, Batteries and Closing Remarks 337
10.5 References 341
Cumulative References 342
Index 347
About the Authors 354
