Title Details

RIFKI ISMAL became an Associate Professor in Islamic Banking and Finance at the Australian Centre for Islamic Financial Studies in 2012. Besides working as an Assistant Director in the Department of Islamic Banking at Bank Indonesia (Central Bank of Indonesia) since 1997, he has been lecturing at the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia (FEUI), in the Graduate School of Management (MMUI). While conducting economic and banking research projects and giving lectures, Ismal served as visiting researcher at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Hong Kong in 2006 and as a visiting lecturer in the Masters of Science Islamic Finance Program at Strasbourg University, France in 2009. Ismal earned a bachelor's degree in economics from the FEUI. In 2002 he graduated from the University of Michigan with a master's degree in applied economics and later received a PhD in Islamic economics and finance from Durham University, UK. Ismal is also an active writer in Indonesian newspapers/ magazines as well as a speaker at many international conferences on Islamic banking/finance.

Foreword xvii

Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxi

CHAPTER 1 Classic Arab Financial Contracts in Modern Financial Institutions 1

Introduction 1

Economic Conditions in the Prophet Muhammad’s (pbuh) Era 1

Development of Classic Economic Contracts 6

Conclusion 12

Notes 13

References 13

CHAPTER 2 Program to Develop Indonesian Islamic Banking 15

Introduction 15

The Indonesian Islamic Banking Industry 15

A Program to Improve the Performance of the Islamic Banking Industry 26

Conclusion 27

References 27

CHAPTER 3 Understanding Characteristics of Depositors 29

Introduction 29

Studies on the Output of Empirical Surveys 30

Segmentations of Banking Depositors 33

Investment Behavior of Banking Depositors 35

An Integrated Program to Develop the Industry 41

Conclusion 43

References 44

CHAPTER 4 Liquidity Risk Management in Banks: The Conventional Perspective 45

Introduction 45

Liquidity Risk in Banking Institutions 45

Process of Liquidity Risk Management 49

Asset-Liability Imbalance and Maturity Mismatch Risks 52

Techniques to Mitigate Liquidity Risk 55

Financial Instruments as Sources of Banks Liquidity 58

Conclusion 60

Note 61

References 61

CHAPTER 5 Liquidity Risk Management in Banks: The Sharia Perspective 63

Introduction 63

Liquidity Risk Issues in Islamic Banking 63

Characteristics of Islamic Banks Facing Liquidity Risk 64

Sharia Issues in Liquidity Risk Management 67

Approaches to Manage Liquidity Risk Based on Sharia 71

Techniques to Mitigate Liquidity Risk Based on Sharia 75

Conclusion 80

Notes 81

References 81

CHAPTER 6 Islamic Banking Characteristics, Economic Conditions, and Liquidity Risk Problem 83

Introduction 83

Supporting Factors of Development 83

Characteristics of the Industry in Relation to Liquidity Problems 85

Investment Behavior of Depositors and Economic Conditions 88

Ideas for Improvements 94

Conclusion 95

References 95

CHAPTER 7 Performance of the Islamic Banking Industry 97

Introduction 97

Background of the Indonesian Islamic Banking Industry 98

Organizational Approach to Managing Liquidity 99

Liquidity Risk Management Related to the Liability Side 102

Instruments to Manage the Demand for Liquidity 120

Conclusion 124

Notes 125

References 125

CHAPTER 8 Growth of the Islamic Banking Industry 127

Introduction 127

Islamic Banking Industry and Its Development Programs 128

Literature Reviews 129

Construction and Output of the Models 133

ARIMA Models 134

Conclusion 143

References 144

CHAPTER 9 The Optimal and Decreasing Growth Rate of the Islamic Banking Industry 145

Introduction 145

Conditions Leading to the Optimal and Decreasing Growth Rate 146

Papers Analyzing Growth and Development of the Islamic Banking Industry 146

Construction of the ARIMA Models and Estimations 147

Findings and Strategic Policy Recommendations 154

Conclusion 155

References 155

CHAPTER 10 Liquidity Management Index 157

Introduction 157

Liquidity Risk Problem in Sharia Perspective 157

Construction of Liquidity Risk Management Index 158

Assessing the Indonesian Islamic Banking Industry 160

Overall Assessments of the Islamic Banking Industry 163

Conclusion 164

Appendix 10A: Liquidity Risk Management (Survey Manuals) 165

Appendix 10B: Bank X Survey Results 171

Appendix 10C: Bank Y Survey Results 177

Appendix 10D: Bank Z Survey Results 183

Note 189

References 189

CHAPTER 11 An Empirical Survey on Liquidity Risk Management 191

Introduction 191

Depositors Understanding of Islamic Banking 192

Investment Behavior of Depositors 193

Liquidity Behavior of Depositors 198

Risk Management Committee in Islamic Banks 205

Sources of Liquidity Risk Problem and Liquid Instruments 212

Conclusion 214

Notes 214

References 215

CHAPTER 12 Islamic Banking Behavior Model of Indonesia (ISLAMI) 217

Introduction 217

Framework of ISLAMI 217

Model Review and Justification 219

Asset Liability Balance Models: Theoretical Background 221

Liquidity Reserves Model: Theoretical Background 227

Model of Islamic Monetary Operation: Theoretical Background 231

Econometric Analysis 236

Interpretation of the Models 250

Long-Run Causality and Dynamic Responses of Variables 253

Findings and Recommendations 261

Conclusion 262

Notes 263

References 263

Appendix 12A: Proofing Formula 265

Appendix 12B: Proofing Formula 266

Appendix 12C: Proofing Formula 266

Appendix 12D: Proofing Formula 266

CHAPTER 13 Strengthening and Improving Liquidity Management 267

Introduction 267

Organizational Structures 268

Integrated Output of the Previous Chapters 269

Discussion of the Depositors’ Side 270

Discussion of the Islamic Banking Side 273

Liquidity Problems and Islamic Liquid Instruments 274

A Proposed Program to Manage Liquidity Risk 275

Conclusion 280

References 281

CHAPTER 14 Demand and Supply of Liquidity in Islamic Banks 283

Introduction 283

Short-Term Demand for Liquidity 284

Short-Term Suppliers of Liquidity 285

Historical Performance of Short-Term Liquidity Management 287

Future Performance of Short-Term Liquidity Management 289

Findings and Suggestions 299

Conclusion 301

References 301

CHAPTER 15 An Empirical Survey on Depositors’ Withdrawal Behavior 303

Introduction 303

Potential Problems of Withdrawals Risk in Islamic Banks 304

Depositors’ Behavior in Withdrawing Funds 304

Empirical Survey on Deposit Withdrawal Behavior 308

Policy Recommendation 315

Conclusion 316

Notes 316

References 316

CHAPTER 16 An Econometric Model of Depositors’ Withdrawal Behavior 319

Introduction 319

Flow of Funds in Islamic Banking 320

Model of the Liability Side in the Competitive Banking Sector 321

Econometric Analysis 323

Findings from Models and Suggestions 329

Limitation of the Models 331

Conclusion 331

References 331

CHAPTER 17 Formulating Withdrawal Risk and Bankruptcy Risk 333

Introduction 333

Characteristics of Islamic Banking Industry 334

Assumptions and Risk Formulas 335

Withdrawal Risk Scenarios 336

Bankruptcy Scenarios 338

Soundness and Failure of Islamic Banks 339

Revenue-Sharing Equilibrium Ratio 340

Conclusion 342

Notes 342

References 343

Appendix 17A: Proofing Formula of the Invulnerable and Vulnerable Condition 343

Appendix 17B: Proofing Formula of Solvency and Bankruptcy Condition 344

Appendix 17C: Proofing Formula of Combination of Scenarios 345

CHAPTER 18 An Optimal Risk-Return Portfolio of Islamic Banks 347

Introduction 347

The Dominant Islamic Financing Instruments 348

Risk-Return Portfolio Theory 348

Efficient Portfolio Theory 350

Risk-Return Analysis of Islamic Financing Instrument 351

An Efficient Portfolio Financing Frontier 360

Conclusion 362

References 362

Appendix 18: Derivation of Variances of 1–4 Financing Instruments 363

CHAPTER 19 Volatility of the Returns and Expected Losses of Islamic Bank Financing 365

Introduction 365

Islamic Financing Instruments 366

Value at Risk Approach 367

Value at Risk (VAR) Analysis for the Indonesian Islamic Banks 369

Value at Risk Result 372

Recommendations 376

Conclusion 377

References 377

CHAPTER 20 The Moral Hazard Problem in Murabahah Financing 379

Introduction 379

Murabahah Financing 380

Moral Hazard in Murabahah Financing 382

Minimizing Moral Hazard in Murabahah Financing 386

Conclusion 388

Note 389

References 389

CHAPTER 21 Central Bank Islamic Monetary Instruments: A Theoretical Approach 391

Introduction 391

General Assumptions 392

Islamic Monetary Instruments 393

Utility of Islamic Monetary Instruments 402

Conclusion 403

Notes 405

References 405

Appendix 21A: Derivation of Central Bank Wakalah wa Ijarah Certificate 406

Appendix 21B: Derivation of Central Bank Wakalah wa Ijarah Muntahia Bitamlik Certificate 407

Appendix 21C: Derivation of Central Bank Islamic Securitization Wa Ijarah Certificate—Ijarah Rental Rate 407

Appendix 21D: Derivation of Central Bank Islamic Securitization wa Ijarah Certificate—Investors Investment Decision 408

CHAPTER 22 Assessing Economic Growth and Fiscal Policy in Indonesia 409

Introduction 409

Wagner’s Law and Keynes’s Law on Economic Development 410

Assumptions and Economic Modeling 411

Defining Variables and Model Specification 412

Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model 415

Long-Run Dynamic Model 417

Findings and Historical Conditions 418

Conclusion 421

Notes 421

References 421

CHAPTER 23 Bank Lending Channel and Islamic Banks 423

Introduction 423

Underlying Conditions and Assumptions 424

Econometrics Analysis 425

Findings from Econometrics Analysis 430

Conclusion 431

Note 432

References 432

CHAPTER 24 Islamic Gracious Monetary Instruments: A Theoretical Approach 433

Introduction 433

General Assumptions 434

The Islamic Gracious Monetary Instruments 436

Utility of the Islamic Gracious Monetary Instruments 448

Conclusion 450

References 451

CHAPTER 25 Assessing Gold Murabahah in Islamic Banking 453

Introduction 453

Underlying Finance Theory 454

Analysis of Gold Murabahah Financing in Islamic Banking 457

Regulating Gold Murabahah 465

Conclusion 466

References 466

CHAPTER 26 Simulation-Based Stress Testing 467

Introduction 467

Stress-Testing Guidance 467

Stress-Testing Simulations and Findings 471

Conclusion 480

References 482

CHAPTER 27 Does the Return on Islamic Deposits Mimic the Interest Rate? 483

Introduction 483

Performance of Islamic Deposit Return 484

Literature Review 486

Research Framework 490

Results of Applying Ayuda Neurointelligence 490

Interpretations of the Results 497

Conclusion 497

References 498

About the Author 501

Index 503