Title Details

P.M. Visakh, MSc, MPhil, PhD, Assistant Professor, TUSUR University, Tomsk, Russia.

Oguz Bayraktar, MSc, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Ege University, Turkey.

Gopalakrishnan Menon, MSc, PhD, works at the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Tomsk State University, Russia.

List of Contributors

Preface

Chapter-1 Bio Monomers for Green Polymer: Introduction

1.1 Processing methods for the bio-nanocomposites

1.2 Bio-Polymeric Materials based Blends: Preparation, Characterisation, and Applications

1.3 Applications of Biopolymeric gels in Medical Biotechnology

1.4 Introduction for Green Polymeric Membranes

1.5. Properties and applications of gelatin, pectin and carrageenan gels

1.6. Bio-degradation of Green Polymeric Composites Materials

1.7 Applications of Green Polymeric Composites Materials

1.8 Constituents, Fabrication, Crosslinking and Clinical Applications of Hydrogels

1.9. Natural Aerogels as Thermal Insulations

Chapter-2 Processing methods for the bio nanocomposites

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Classification of NBCs

2.2.1. Matrix based NBCs

2.2.1.1. Polysaccharide nanocomposites

2.2.1.2. Animal protein based nanocomposites

2.2.1.3. Plant protein based nanocomposites

2.2.2. Reinforcement based NBCs

2.2.2.1. Metal nanocomposites

2.2.2.2. Inorganic nanocomposites

2.3. General processing methods for NBCs

2.3.1. Pressure extrusion

2.3.2. Solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP)

2.3.3. Electrospinning and Co-axial electrospinning

2.2.3.4. Solution casting and evaporation method

2.3.5. Melt intercalation method

2.3.6. In situ polymerization

2.3.7. Drying techniques (Freeze-drying and hot pressing)

2.3.8. Polymer grafting

2.4. Properties of NBCs

2.5 Future and applications of NBCs

2.6. Acknowledgments

2.7. References

Chapter-3 Bio-Polymeric Materials based Blends: Preparation, Characterisation and Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 State of art

3.3 Preparative methods for blends formation

3.4 Blends preparation by melting process

3.5 The aqueous blending technology

3.6 Hydrophilic or hydrophobic bio-polymeric blends 

3.6.1 Biopolymeric blends of starch and Polylactic acids (PLA)

3.6.1.1 Maleic anhydride-grafted PLA chains (MAG-PLA)

3.6.1.2 Polycaprolactone (PCL) grafted polysaccharide copolymers

3.6.2 Hydrolytic degradability of PLAs

3.6.3 Thermodynamics of miscibility with additives

3.6.3.1 Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)

3.6.3.2 Dioctyl maleate (DOM) 

3.6.3.3 Polyvinyl alcohols (PVOHs)

3.6.3.4 Poly(hydroxyester ether) (PHEE)

3.6.3.5 Poly(b-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)

3.6.3.6 Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) (PHBV)

3.6.4 Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHAs)

3.6.4.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)

3.7 Opportunities and challenges

3.8 Summary

Chapter-4 Applications of Biopolymeric gels in Medical Biotechnology

4.1. Introduction

4.1.1 Historical Background

4.1.2 Classification of Hydrogels

4.1.3 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels

4.1.3.1 Physical Crosslinked Hydrogels

4.1.3.2 Chemical Crosslinked Hydrogels

4.1.3.3 General Properties of Hydrogels

4.2. Types of Biopolymeric Gels

4.3. Applications of Bio Polymeric Gel

4.3.1. Applications of Hydrogels in Drug Delivery Systems

4.3.2. Applications of Hydrogels in siRNA and Peptide Based Therapeutics

4.3.3. Applications of Hydrogels in Wound Healing, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

4.4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

4.5. References

Chapter-5 Introduction for Green Polymeric Membranes

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Types of green polymeric membranes

5.2.1 Cellulose polymeric membranes

5.2.2 Chitosan polymeric membranes

5.3. Properties of green polymeric membranes

5.3.1 Film-forming properties

5.3.4 Chemical stability

5.3.5 Hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity balance properties

5.4. Applications of green polymeric membranes

5.4.1 Heavy metal removal

5.4.2 Water Purification

5.4.3 Dye removal

5.4.4 Biomedical application

5.4.5 Renewable energy

5.5. Conclusion

Chapter-6 Properties and applications of gelatins, pectins, carrageenans gels

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Gelatin

6.2.1 Structural unit of gelatin

6.2.2 Molecular structure of gelatin

6.2.3 Properties of gelatin

6.2.3.1 Thickening ability

6.2.3.2 Gelling ability

6.2.3.3 Film-forming property

6.2.3.4 Other properties

6.2.3.5 Microbiological properties

6.2.4 Gelatin applications

6.2.4.1 Food applications

6.2.4.2 Cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications

6.2.4.3 Other applications

6.3 Pectins

6.3.1 Natural sources of pectin

6.3.2 Structural unit of Pectin

6.3.3 Low methoxy pectins (LMPs)

6.3.4 High methoxyl pectin (HMPs)

6.3.5 Gelation of pectins

6.3.6 Pectin extraction

6.3.7 Pectin functionality and applications

6.4. Carrageenans

6.4.1 Sources

6.4.2 Carrageenan structure

6.4.3 Properties of Carrageenans

6.4.4 Extraction of Carrageenan

6.4.5 Applications of Carrageenan

6.5. Future prospects

6.6. Acknowledgments

6.7. References

Chapter-7 Bio-degradation of Green Polymeric Composites Materials

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Biodegradation of “Green” Polymers

7.2.1. Green Polymers: - Definition and Properties

7.2.2. Mechanism of Biodegradation

7.2.3. Biodegradation of Green Polymers

7.3. Biodegradation of Composite Materials

7.4. Conclusion

7.5. Reference

Chapter-8 Applications of Green Polymeric Composites Materials

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Biotechnological and biomedical applications of PEG

8.2.1 Biological Separations

8.2.2 PEG-Proteins and PEG-Peptides for Medical Applications

8.2.3 Poly (lactic acid) (PLA): Properties and applications

8.3 Applications of green polymer composites

8.4 Conclusion

8.5 Reference

Chapter-9 Hydrogels used for Biomedical Applications

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Hydrogels

9.3 Short History of Hydrogels

9.4 Methods of synthesis of Hydrogels

9.5 Classification of hydrogels

9.6 Natural polymers used for hydrogels

9.6.1 Protein

9.6.1.1 Collagen

9.6.1.2 Gelatin

9.6.1.3 Matrigel

9.6.2 Polysaccharides

9.6.2.1 Hyaluronic acid

9.6.2.2 Alginate

9.6.2.3 Chitosan

9.6.2.4 Xyloglucan

9.6.2.5 Dextran

9.6.2.6 Agarose

9.6.3 Heparin

9.7 Synthetic polymers used for hydrogels

9.7.1 Polyacrylic acid

9.7.2 Polyimide

9.7.3 Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

9.7.4 Polyvinyl alcohol

9.8 Crosslinking of hydrogels

9.8.1 Physical Crosslinking

9.8.2 Chemical Crosslinking

9.8.3 Photocrosslinking

9.9 Biomedical applications of hydrogels

9.9.1 Contact Lenses

9.9.2 Oral Drug delivery

9.9.3 Tissue Engineering

9.9.4 Wound healing

9.9.5 Gene Delivery

9.10 Conclusions

9.11 References

Chapter-10 Natural Aerogels as Thermal Insulation